{"id":6412,"date":"2023-06-05T22:00:00","date_gmt":"2023-06-05T22:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/?p=6412"},"modified":"2023-05-28T16:11:11","modified_gmt":"2023-05-28T16:11:11","slug":"tiny-but-tenacious-arctic-alpine-plants-are-engineers-and-warning-bells","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/tiny-but-tenacious-arctic-alpine-plants-are-engineers-and-warning-bells\/","title":{"rendered":"Tiny but tenacious: arctic-alpine plants are engineers and warning bells"},"content":{"rendered":"\n  <figure>\n    <img  decoding=\"async\"  src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABAQMAAAAl21bKAAAAA1BMVEUAAP+KeNJXAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAAApJREFUCNdjYAAAAAIAAeIhvDMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\"  class=\" pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/527264\/original\/file-20230519-23-iz657c.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&#038;rect=0%2C0%2C1640%2C920&#038;q=45&#038;auto=format&#038;w=754&#038;fit=clip\" >\n      <figcaption>\n        Purple saxifrage, snow pearlwort and drooping saxifrage (left to right).\n        <span class=\"attribution\"><span class=\"source\">Sarah Watts<\/span>, <span class=\"license\">Author provided<\/span><\/span>\n      <\/figcaption>\n  <\/figure>\n\n<span><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/sarah-watts-1407236\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sarah Watts<\/a>, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/university-of-stirling-1697\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">University of Stirling<\/a><\/em><\/span>\n\n<p>When most people consider the arctic, or high-altitude mountain landscapes, they think of endless snow, ice and bare rock. But pastel-coloured flowers, sometimes just a few millimetres wide, bloom in these dramatic places too. The miniature flowers not only weather some of the toughest habitats on Earth, but can also help engineer the landscape for other species. <\/p>\n\n<hr>\n\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"noa-web-audio-player\" style=\"border: none\" src=\"https:\/\/embed-player.newsoveraudio.com\/v4?key=x84olp&amp;id=https:\/\/theconversation.com\/tiny-but-tenacious-arctic-alpine-plants-are-engineers-and-warning-bells-204422&amp;bgColor=F5F5F5&amp;color=D8352A&amp;playColor=D8352A\" width=\"100%\" height=\"110px\"><\/iframe>\n\n<p><em>You can listen to more articles from The Conversation, narrated by Noa, <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/us\/topics\/audio-narrated-99682\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n<hr>\n\n<p>Don\u2019t be fooled by their delicate petals. Some species of rock jasmine and sandwort grow at <a href=\"https:\/\/hal.science\/hal-03011674\/document\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">well over 6,000 metres<\/a> on Mount Everest, while <a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/tax.12450\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">purple saxifrage<\/a> flourishes on the northernmost point of land in the world \u2013 Kaffeklubben Island, north of Greenland \u2013 and throughout the Arctic, Alaska and the tips of the European Alps. <\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"align-left zoomable\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/527265\/original\/file-20230519-29-id2up7.JPG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img  decoding=\"async\"  alt=\"\"  src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABAQMAAAAl21bKAAAAA1BMVEUAAP+KeNJXAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAAApJREFUCNdjYAAAAAIAAeIhvDMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\"  class=\" pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-ls-sizes=\"(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/527265\/original\/file-20230519-29-id2up7.JPG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=237&amp;fit=clip\"  data-pk-srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/527265\/original\/file-20230519-29-id2up7.JPG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=581&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/527265\/original\/file-20230519-29-id2up7.JPG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=581&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/527265\/original\/file-20230519-29-id2up7.JPG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=581&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/527265\/original\/file-20230519-29-id2up7.JPG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=731&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/527265\/original\/file-20230519-29-id2up7.JPG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=731&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/527265\/original\/file-20230519-29-id2up7.JPG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=731&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\" ><\/a>\n            <figcaption>\n              <span class=\"caption\">Trailing azalea close up.<\/span>\n              <span class=\"attribution\"><span class=\"source\">Sarah Watts<\/span>, <span class=\"license\">Author provided<\/span><\/span>\n            <\/figcaption>\n          <\/figure>\n\n<p>Plants in freezing cold environments are typically small and often form as ground-hugging rosettes, or dense tufts with short stems, known as cushions. Antarctic pearlwort <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/1550865\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sits no more than 5cm high<\/a> and displays a tight bunch of minute yellow blooms. The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nts.org.uk\/stories\/arctic-alpine-plants-of-ben-lawers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">summits of the Scottish Highlands<\/a>, where temperatures can drop to -27\u2103 in winter, are home to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scotlink.org\/a-future-for-mountain-plants\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tiny flowers<\/a> also found in the Arctic, such as moss campion, dwarf willow, trailing azalea and starry saxifrage.<\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"align-right \">\n            <img  decoding=\"async\"  alt=\"\"  src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABAQMAAAAl21bKAAAAA1BMVEUAAP+KeNJXAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAAApJREFUCNdjYAAAAAIAAeIhvDMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\"  class=\" pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-ls-sizes=\"(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/513999\/original\/file-20230307-18-3frmra.gif?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=237&amp;fit=clip\"  data-pk-srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/513999\/original\/file-20230307-18-3frmra.gif?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=600&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/513999\/original\/file-20230307-18-3frmra.gif?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=600&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/513999\/original\/file-20230307-18-3frmra.gif?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=600&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/513999\/original\/file-20230307-18-3frmra.gif?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=754&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/513999\/original\/file-20230307-18-3frmra.gif?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=754&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/513999\/original\/file-20230307-18-3frmra.gif?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=754&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\" >\n            <figcaption>\n              <span class=\"caption\"><\/span>\n              \n            <\/figcaption>\n          <\/figure>\n\n<p><em>Many people think of plants as nice-looking greens. Essential for clean air, yes, but simple organisms. A step change in research is shaking up the way scientists think about plants: they are far more complex and more like us than you might imagine. This blossoming field of science is too delightful to do it justice in one or two stories.<\/em>\n<em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/topics\/plant-curious-137238?utm_source=TCUK&amp;utm_medium=linkback&amp;utm_campaign=PlantCurious2023&amp;utm_content=InArticleTop\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">This article is part of a series, Plant Curious<\/a>, exploring scientific studies that challenges the way you view plantlife.<\/em><\/p>\n\n<p>Although plants such as these may appear fragile, their minute size helps them cope with freezing weather and fierce winds. Low stature and tightly packed leaves act as an aerodynamic trap and storage system for water and solar radiation. Microspaces within the dense, dome-like foliage are efficient structures for retaining moisture and heat. An arctic-alpine cushion\u2019s internal temperature <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0168945210002001\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">can be 15\u00b0C warmer than its surroundings<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"align-center zoomable\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/525116\/original\/file-20230509-29-a4n04p.JPG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img  decoding=\"async\"  alt=\"\"  src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABAQMAAAAl21bKAAAAA1BMVEUAAP+KeNJXAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAAApJREFUCNdjYAAAAAIAAeIhvDMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\"  class=\" pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-ls-sizes=\"(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/525116\/original\/file-20230509-29-a4n04p.JPG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\"  data-pk-srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/525116\/original\/file-20230509-29-a4n04p.JPG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=450&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/525116\/original\/file-20230509-29-a4n04p.JPG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=450&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/525116\/original\/file-20230509-29-a4n04p.JPG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=450&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/525116\/original\/file-20230509-29-a4n04p.JPG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=566&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/525116\/original\/file-20230509-29-a4n04p.JPG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=566&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/525116\/original\/file-20230509-29-a4n04p.JPG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=566&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\" ><\/a>\n            <figcaption>\n              <span class=\"caption\">Trailing azalea has tiny pink flowers.<\/span>\n              <span class=\"attribution\"><span class=\"source\">Sarah Watts<\/span>, <span class=\"license\">Author provided<\/span><\/span>\n            <\/figcaption>\n          <\/figure>\n\n<h2 id=\"pioneer-plants\">Pioneer plants<\/h2>\n\n<p>Cushion plants and mosses can be integral to their local environment (known as <a href=\"https:\/\/we.copernicus.org\/articles\/10\/44\/2010\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">keystone species<\/a>) and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.research-collection.ethz.ch\/bitstream\/handle\/20.500.11850\/488365\/3\/2186-Textodelarti%CC%81culo-10166-1-10-20210429.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ecosystem engineers<\/a> because they stabilise their harsh microclimate, and are often the first to colonise bare ground. As the cushions grow, they <a href=\"https:\/\/esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1890\/14-2443.1?casa_token=Qi7PtpgnLeYAAAAA%3AygjLvorgq0pcnjiH2kaLJdd_3OYtaX1sATLSTIrR519Yz22IxEC-2ncNu8d2D_46CHCyroZY0OYI_A\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">improve the moisture and nutrient content<\/a> of thin soils by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/00207233.2015.1027594\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">accumulating organic material<\/a> both directly within the plant itself, and through their root systems. By <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1657\/1523-0430%282007%2939%5B229%3AMMOCPA%5D2.0.CO%3B2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">buffering temperature extremes<\/a>, cushions reduce the frost risk in their immediate surroundings. These processes create a habitat more suitable for less stress-tolerant plant species including arctic-alpines in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1657\/1523-0430(2007)39%5B229:MMOCPA%5D2.0.CO;2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">daisy<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/3236739\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">pea<\/a> families.<\/p>\n\n<p>Cushion formers are therefore vital <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/17550870902926504\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u201cnurse\u201d plants<\/a> in mountain and polar regions. They also shelter <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3360034\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">small arthropods<\/a> including <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1657\/1523-0430%282006%2938%5B224%3ACPAMSF%5D2.0.CO%3B2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">beetles<\/a> and tiny wingless insects called <a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10531-021-02247-y\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">springtails<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"align-left zoomable\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/527224\/original\/file-20230519-23-l30cw2.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img  decoding=\"async\"  alt=\"\"  src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABAQMAAAAl21bKAAAAA1BMVEUAAP+KeNJXAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAAApJREFUCNdjYAAAAAIAAeIhvDMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\"  class=\" pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-ls-sizes=\"(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/527224\/original\/file-20230519-23-l30cw2.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=237&amp;fit=clip\"  data-pk-srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/527224\/original\/file-20230519-23-l30cw2.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=611&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/527224\/original\/file-20230519-23-l30cw2.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=611&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/527224\/original\/file-20230519-23-l30cw2.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=611&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/527224\/original\/file-20230519-23-l30cw2.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=768&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/527224\/original\/file-20230519-23-l30cw2.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=768&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/527224\/original\/file-20230519-23-l30cw2.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=768&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\" ><\/a>\n            <figcaption>\n              <span class=\"caption\">Rove beetle on snow pearlwort.<\/span>\n              <span class=\"attribution\"><span class=\"source\">Sarah Watts<\/span>, <span class=\"license\">Author provided<\/span><\/span>\n            <\/figcaption>\n          <\/figure>\n\n<p>These animals may in turn <a href=\"https:\/\/esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1890\/ES12-00106.1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">pollinate the plants they take refuge in<\/a>, and provide food for others higher up the food chain. <\/p>\n\n<h2 id=\"an-alarming-trend\">An alarming trend<\/h2>\n\n<p>However, these tiny arctic-alpine plants are now sounding a warning bell for the loss of biodiversity (the richness and variety of living things on earth) due to climate change. The plants have an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britishandirishbotany.org\/index.php\/bib\/article\/view\/6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">important relationship with snow<\/a>, which offers them protection from disturbance and erosion. But rising temperatures are causing earlier snow melt, allowing the spread of other species previously restricted to lower altitudes and latitudes. Consequently, <a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/j.1654-1103.2012.01390.x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">taller generalist plants<\/a>, such as common grasses and <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cyperaceae\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sedges<\/a> are crowding out the smaller arctic-alpines. <\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"align-right \">\n            <img  decoding=\"async\"  alt=\"\"  src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABAQMAAAAl21bKAAAAA1BMVEUAAP+KeNJXAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAAApJREFUCNdjYAAAAAIAAeIhvDMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\"  class=\" pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-ls-sizes=\"(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/525121\/original\/file-20230509-21-8xqdqe.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=237&amp;fit=clip\"  data-pk-srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/525121\/original\/file-20230509-21-8xqdqe.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=483&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/525121\/original\/file-20230509-21-8xqdqe.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=483&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/525121\/original\/file-20230509-21-8xqdqe.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=483&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/525121\/original\/file-20230509-21-8xqdqe.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=607&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/525121\/original\/file-20230509-21-8xqdqe.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=607&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/525121\/original\/file-20230509-21-8xqdqe.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=607&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\" >\n            <figcaption>\n              <span class=\"caption\">Snow pearlwort growing on Scottish munro Ben Lawers.<\/span>\n              <span class=\"attribution\"><span class=\"source\">Sarah Watts<\/span>, <span class=\"license\">Author provided<\/span><\/span>\n            <\/figcaption>\n          <\/figure>\n\n<p>High mountain areas are <a href=\"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.abn6697\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">warming at twice the global average<\/a> and are <a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/geb.12469\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">geographically isolated<\/a> from other places with similar climates, leaving the specialist flowers nowhere to relocate to.<\/p>\n\n<p>Arctic-alpine plant numbers are plummeting <a href=\"https:\/\/bsbi.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/dlm_uploads\/2023\/02\/BSBI-Plant-Atlas-2020-summary-report-Britain-in-English-WEB.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">in Britain<\/a> and climate change is impacting numbers <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-018-0005-6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">across the world<\/a>, threatening the future of species that depend on them. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britishandirishbotany.org\/index.php\/bib\/article\/view\/6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Snow pearlwort<\/a>, a cushion plant usually no bigger than a penny, is the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.stir.ac.uk\/news\/2022\/july-2022-news\/on-the-elevator-to-extinction-arctic-alpine-plants-endangered-in-scottish-highlands\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">first flowering plant in Britain<\/a> to have its <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">International Union Conservation of Nature<\/a> status moved from vulnerable to endangered due to climate change. Our research using <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0006320722001732?via%3Dihub\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">long-term monitoring data from the Scottish Highlands<\/a> has shown that snow pearlwort, mountain sandwort and drooping saxifrage are withdrawing uphill and face mountaintop extinction because there is no higher ground left for them to retreat to as temperatures rise.<\/p>\n\n<p>If we lose these plants from their British mountaintop outposts \u2013 at the edge of where they occur globally \u2013 this will signal that their strongholds in the Arctic and the Alps are also in danger.<\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"align-center zoomable\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/525122\/original\/file-20230509-15-q84d13.JPG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img  decoding=\"async\"  alt=\"\"  src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABAQMAAAAl21bKAAAAA1BMVEUAAP+KeNJXAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAAApJREFUCNdjYAAAAAIAAeIhvDMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\"  class=\" pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-ls-sizes=\"(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/525122\/original\/file-20230509-15-q84d13.JPG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\"  data-pk-srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/525122\/original\/file-20230509-15-q84d13.JPG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=450&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/525122\/original\/file-20230509-15-q84d13.JPG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=450&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/525122\/original\/file-20230509-15-q84d13.JPG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=450&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/525122\/original\/file-20230509-15-q84d13.JPG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=566&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/525122\/original\/file-20230509-15-q84d13.JPG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=566&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/525122\/original\/file-20230509-15-q84d13.JPG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=566&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\" ><\/a>\n            <figcaption>\n              <span class=\"caption\">Moss campion is a mountain wildflower.<\/span>\n              <span class=\"attribution\"><span class=\"source\">Sarah Watts<\/span>, <span class=\"license\">Author provided<\/span><\/span>\n            <\/figcaption>\n          <\/figure>\n\n<p>Polar and mountain regions are havens for biodiversity, nurturing <a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/epdf\/10.1111\/j.1600-0587.2011.06984.x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">species found nowhere else in the world<\/a>. We risk losing <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0169534719300904\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the cultural and inspirational value<\/a> that rare species give us, with implications for the preservation of our natural heritage.<\/p>\n\n<p>Plants are the building blocks of habitats and food webs on which other lifeforms across the planet depend, but they are frequently overlooked in conservation news stories. There\u2019s a name for this phenomenon &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1002\/ppp3.51\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">plant blindness<\/a>. Scientists, nature writers and the media usually turn to <a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/rec.13701\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">trees<\/a> or species with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41477-021-00912-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">large colourful flowers<\/a> to open people\u2019s eyes to the importance of plant life.<\/p>\n\n<p>But we must celebrate and protect our tiniest of plants. If we don\u2019t the spectrum of diversity across earth\u2019s extremes will be lost for generations to come.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img  loading=\"lazy\"  decoding=\"async\"  src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABAQMAAAAl21bKAAAAA1BMVEUAAP+KeNJXAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAAApJREFUCNdjYAAAAAIAAeIhvDMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\"  alt=\"The Conversation\"  width=\"1\"  height=\"1\"  style=\"border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important\"  referrerpolicy=\"no-referrer-when-downgrade\"  class=\" pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/204422\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" ><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https:\/\/theconversation.com\/republishing-guidelines --><\/p>\n\n<p><span><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/sarah-watts-1407236\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sarah Watts<\/a>, PhD researcher in plant ecology and conservation, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/university-of-stirling-1697\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">University of Stirling<\/a><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n\n<p>This article is republished from <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/tiny-but-tenacious-arctic-alpine-plants-are-engineers-and-warning-bells-204422\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">original article<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Purple saxifrage, snow pearlwort and drooping saxifrage (left to right). Sarah Watts, Author provided Sarah Watts, University of&hellip;\n","protected":false},"author":480,"featured_media":6402,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[11],"tags":[807,474],"class_list":{"0":"post-6412","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-nature","8":"tag-rock-jasmine","9":"tag-the-conversation","10":"cs-entry","11":"cs-video-wrap"},"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6412","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/480"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6412"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6412\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6413,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6412\/revisions\/6413"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6402"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6412"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6412"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6412"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}