{"id":4298,"date":"2022-06-09T22:00:00","date_gmt":"2022-06-09T22:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/?p=4298"},"modified":"2022-05-26T08:44:32","modified_gmt":"2022-05-26T08:44:32","slug":"when-is-a-species-really-extinct","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/when-is-a-species-really-extinct\/","title":{"rendered":"When is a species really extinct?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n  <figure>\n    <img  decoding=\"async\"  src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABAQMAAAAl21bKAAAAA1BMVEUAAP+KeNJXAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAAApJREFUCNdjYAAAAAIAAeIhvDMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\"  class=\" pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/464582\/original\/file-20220520-15-ny54qv.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&#038;rect=0%2C0%2C3994%2C2964&#038;q=45&#038;auto=format&#038;w=754&#038;fit=clip\" >\n      <figcaption>\n        Dodos have been extinct for centuries, but it\u2019s not a simple matter to definitively designate a species as extinct.\n        <span class=\"attribution\"><span class=\"source\">(Shutterstock)<\/span><\/span>\n      <\/figcaption>\n  <\/figure>\n\n<span><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/arne-mooers-612954\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Arne Mooers<\/a>, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/simon-fraser-university-1282\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Simon Fraser University<\/a><\/em><\/span>\n\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 100px; border: none; position: relative; z-index: 1;\" allowtransparency=\"\" allow=\"clipboard-read; clipboard-write\" src=\"https:\/\/narrations.ad-auris.com\/widget\/the-conversation-canada\/when-is-a-species-really-extinct\" width=\"100%\" height=\"400\"><\/iframe>\n\n<p>As the saying goes: \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0963662515571489\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">extinction is forever<\/a>.\u201d The list of extinct animals, like <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/science\/archive\/2017\/04\/pleistoseacow\/522831\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Steller\u2019s sea cow<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/animal\/thylacine\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Tasmanian wolf<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/why-the-dodo-bird-went-extinct-2013-6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the dodo<\/a>, is depressing. And <a href=\"https:\/\/www.science.org\/content\/article\/bringing-back-woolly-mammoth-and-other-extinct-creatures-may-be-impossible\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">despite various efforts<\/a>, extinction seems final.<\/p>\n\n<p>But when does extinction start? That would seem like an easy question to answer. In the dry prose of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)<\/a>, extinction has occurred when \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3lebPmn\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">there is no reasonable doubt that the last individual of a species has died<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n\n<p>And as we know from watching courtroom dramas, the concept of \u201cno reasonable doubt\u201d is a high bar, meant to protect the innocent in society. In conservation, it is to guard against crying wolf. <\/p>\n\n<h2 id=\"no-longer-extinct\">No longer extinct<\/h2>\n\n<p>In the 1980s, it was suggested that an extinction should be declared if a species was not observed for 50 years. That seems like a long time, but it wasn\u2019t long enough. Many species have been rediscovered decades or even centuries after their last observation. <\/p>\n\n<p>For example, the black-browed babbler was recently recorded in the jungles of Borneo <a href=\"https:\/\/static1.squarespace.com\/static\/5c1a9e03f407b482a158da87\/t\/6034c09a3440914018d3c306\/1614071211606\/Black-browed-Babbler.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">for the first time in 170 years<\/a>!<\/p>\n\n<p>And indeed, extinction need not technically be forever: some rediscovered species had been formally declared extinct. These species are referred to as Lazarus species \u2014 for instance, the Miles\u2019 robber frog was <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucnredlist.org\/ja\/species\/56765\/54369048\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">brought back from the dead<\/a> after it was located in a Honduran cloud forest in 2008.<\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"align-center zoomable\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/464580\/original\/file-20220520-23-s0qcxv.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;rect=0%2C7%2C1000%2C741&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img  decoding=\"async\"  alt=\"picture of a brown frog on a rust surface\"  src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABAQMAAAAl21bKAAAAA1BMVEUAAP+KeNJXAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAAApJREFUCNdjYAAAAAIAAeIhvDMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\"  class=\" pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-ls-sizes=\"(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/464580\/original\/file-20220520-23-s0qcxv.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;rect=0%2C7%2C1000%2C741&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\"  data-pk-srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/464580\/original\/file-20220520-23-s0qcxv.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=450&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/464580\/original\/file-20220520-23-s0qcxv.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=450&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/464580\/original\/file-20220520-23-s0qcxv.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=450&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/464580\/original\/file-20220520-23-s0qcxv.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=566&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/464580\/original\/file-20220520-23-s0qcxv.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=566&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/464580\/original\/file-20220520-23-s0qcxv.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=566&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\" ><\/a>\n            <figcaption>\n              <span class=\"caption\">The Miles\u2019 robber frog was once thought extinct, but was rediscovered in Honduras.<\/span>\n              <span class=\"attribution\"><span class=\"source\">(Tom Brown)<\/span>, <span class=\"license\">Author provided<\/span><\/span>\n            <\/figcaption>\n          <\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"premature-declarations\">Premature declarations<\/h2>\n\n<p>Incorrectly declaring a species extinct can have serious consequences. Potentially urgent conservation actions for the species in question stop, and in some cases, those conservation actions can help protect entire ecosystems. <\/p>\n\n<p>Perhaps more importantly, crying wolf undermines the credibility of extinction as a label.<\/p>\n\n<p>Beyond reasonable doubt is a conservative position, but it leaves us in a bit of a pickle. With our colleague, Andrew Fairbairn, we <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/acv.12788\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recently documented<\/a> that surprisingly many species have not been seen in over 50 years, and remain in a sort of limbo between <a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-difference-between-extant-and-extinct.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">extant (species that are currently living)<\/a> and extinct.<\/p>\n\n<p>Putting species in limbo is not helpful. A 2019 report by the United Nations suggested that <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.3553458\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a million species are threatened with extinction<\/a> (roughly 12 per cent of all species). The actual number of species that have been declared extinct by the IUCN seems, on the face of it, much less dramatic: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucnredlist.org\/statistics\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">only 85 mammals<\/a> or less than 2% of that group, for instance. <\/p>\n\n<p>Such a mismatch can, to put it mildly, <a href=\"https:\/\/ipbes.net\/news\/million-threatened-species-thirteen-questions-answers#Q8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sow confusion<\/a>. And because more and more species are <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsbl.2019.0633\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">predicted to become extinct<\/a>, discrepancies between the number of \u201cgoing extinct\u201d and the number of \u201cgone extinct\u201d species may become more of a problem.<\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"align-right zoomable\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/464101\/original\/file-20220518-11-b5e9l3.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img  decoding=\"async\"  alt=\"a display of a stuffed Eskimo curlew, a bird with brown colouring and a long skinny beak\"  src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABAQMAAAAl21bKAAAAA1BMVEUAAP+KeNJXAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAAApJREFUCNdjYAAAAAIAAeIhvDMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\"  class=\" pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-ls-sizes=\"(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/464101\/original\/file-20220518-11-b5e9l3.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=237&amp;fit=clip\"  data-pk-srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/464101\/original\/file-20220518-11-b5e9l3.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=700&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/464101\/original\/file-20220518-11-b5e9l3.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=700&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/464101\/original\/file-20220518-11-b5e9l3.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=700&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/464101\/original\/file-20220518-11-b5e9l3.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=879&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/464101\/original\/file-20220518-11-b5e9l3.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=879&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/464101\/original\/file-20220518-11-b5e9l3.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=879&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\" ><\/a>\n            <figcaption>\n              <span class=\"caption\">The last confirmed sighting of an Eskimo curlew was in 1963.<\/span>\n              <span class=\"attribution\"><span class=\"source\">(Arthur Chapman)<\/span>, <span class=\"license\">Author provided<\/span><\/span>\n            <\/figcaption>\n          <\/figure>\n\n<p>In our study, we found that 562 terrestrial vertebrates \u2014 mammals, birds, amphibians and reptiles \u2014 are currently stuck in lost species limbo, almost twice as many as the number declared extinct. <\/p>\n\n<p>None of these have been declared extinct, but none have been reliably observed for at least 50 years. The famous <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/environment\/2022\/apr\/13\/ivory-bill-woodpecker-not-extinct-researchers-say\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ivory-billed woodpecker<\/a> was last seen in 1944, although <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2022.04.06.487399\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">purported sightings continue to this day<\/a>. And the <a href=\"https:\/\/wildlife-species.canada.ca\/species-risk-registry\/species\/speciesDetails_e.cfm?sid=21\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">last confirmed sighting of a Canadian species, the Eskimo curlew<\/a>, was in 1963.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>While most of these lost species are (or were) found in the tropics, they also hail from the United States, China, Australia and Canada, and include everything from tiny shrews and salamanders to dolphins and wild cattle.<\/p>\n\n<h2 id=\"searching-for-proof\">Searching for proof<\/h2>\n\n<p>So what should be done about the confusing problem of lost species? Clearly, the answer is to go looking for them.<\/p>\n\n<p>That is, of course, easier said than done. Many lost species live in remote ecosystems that are difficult to reach, like inaccessible rainforests or vast tundras. There are plenty of skilled field scientists who would love nothing more than to spend their time in under-studied ecosystems searching for lost animals, but funding to support such fieldwork <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gecco.2018.e00389\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">is becoming increasingly scarce<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"align-center \">\n            <img  decoding=\"async\"  alt=\"sunrise over a misty rainforest covered mountaintop\"  src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABAQMAAAAl21bKAAAAA1BMVEUAAP+KeNJXAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAAApJREFUCNdjYAAAAAIAAeIhvDMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\"  class=\" pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-ls-sizes=\"(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/464393\/original\/file-20220520-21-mt7my.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\"  data-pk-srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/464393\/original\/file-20220520-21-mt7my.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=446&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/464393\/original\/file-20220520-21-mt7my.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=446&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/464393\/original\/file-20220520-21-mt7my.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=446&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/464393\/original\/file-20220520-21-mt7my.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=561&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/464393\/original\/file-20220520-21-mt7my.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=561&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/464393\/original\/file-20220520-21-mt7my.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=561&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\" >\n            <figcaption>\n              <span class=\"caption\">Confirming whether or not a species is extinct requires extensive and exhaustive searches of ecosystems that are often difficult to reach and search, like the Lambusango Forest in Indonesia.<\/span>\n              <span class=\"attribution\"><span class=\"source\">(Tom Martin)<\/span>, <span class=\"license\">Author provided<\/span><\/span>\n            <\/figcaption>\n          <\/figure>\n\n<p>Securing funding sources to support searches for lost species is therefore important. This could perhaps be helped by better awareness of and management of lost species as a group. While 50 years is an arbitrary measure, it might help focus attention by defining a clear list of candidate species. <\/p>\n\n<p>We envision a scorecard of lost species, updated as time passes and species go on and come off when rediscovered or declared extinct.<\/p>\n\n<p>We end with the full and depressing formal definition of extinct: <\/p>\n\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u201ca taxon is presumed Extinct when exhaustive surveys in known and\/or expected habitat, at appropriate times (diurnal, seasonal, annual), <a href=\"https:\/\/iucn-csg.org\/red-list-categories\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">throughout its historic range have failed to record an individual<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n<p>We believe many lost species are not extinct, and so will be rediscovered. Each rediscovery will be cause for minor celebration and, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.atlasobscura.com\/articles\/worlds-largest-bee\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">we would hope<\/a>, renewed attention and interest. But we really need to know, one way or the other.<\/p>\n\n<p><em>Tom Martin, a conservation scientist with the Wild Planet Trust, and Gareth Bennett, an undergraduate student in biological sciences at Simon Fraser University, co-authored this article.<\/em><!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img  loading=\"lazy\"  decoding=\"async\"  src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABAQMAAAAl21bKAAAAA1BMVEUAAP+KeNJXAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAAApJREFUCNdjYAAAAAIAAeIhvDMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\"  alt=\"The Conversation\"  width=\"1\"  height=\"1\"  style=\"border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important\"  class=\" pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/182555\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" ><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https:\/\/theconversation.com\/republishing-guidelines --><\/p>\n\n<p><span><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/arne-mooers-612954\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Arne Mooers<\/a>, Professor, Biodiversity, Phylogeny &#038; Evolution, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/simon-fraser-university-1282\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Simon Fraser University<\/a><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n\n<p>This article is republished from <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/when-is-a-species-really-extinct-182555\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">original article<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Dodos have been extinct for centuries, but it\u2019s not a simple matter to definitively designate a species as&hellip;\n","protected":false},"author":87,"featured_media":4299,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[11],"tags":[113,298,474],"class_list":{"0":"post-4298","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-nature","8":"tag-extinct","9":"tag-mass-extinction","10":"tag-the-conversation","11":"cs-entry","12":"cs-video-wrap"},"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4298","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/87"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4298"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4298\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4300,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4298\/revisions\/4300"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4299"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4298"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4298"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4298"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}