{"id":4133,"date":"2022-05-04T10:00:00","date_gmt":"2022-05-04T10:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/?p=4133"},"modified":"2022-04-19T05:08:21","modified_gmt":"2022-04-19T05:08:21","slug":"archaeological-site-along-the-nile-opens-a-window-on-the-nubian-civilization-that-flourished-in-ancient-sudan","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/archaeological-site-along-the-nile-opens-a-window-on-the-nubian-civilization-that-flourished-in-ancient-sudan\/","title":{"rendered":"Archaeological site along the Nile opens a window on the Nubian civilization that flourished in ancient Sudan"},"content":{"rendered":"\n  <figure>\n    <img  decoding=\"async\"  src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABAQMAAAAl21bKAAAAA1BMVEUAAP+KeNJXAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAAApJREFUCNdjYAAAAAIAAeIhvDMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\"  class=\" pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/457490\/original\/file-20220411-14-3o5xce.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&#038;rect=85%2C0%2C1839%2C1111&#038;q=45&#038;auto=format&#038;w=754&#038;fit=clip\" >\n      <figcaption>\n        Thousands of years ago, people in this part of Sudan used underground tombs to bury their dead.\n        <span class=\"attribution\"><span class=\"source\">Michele R. Buzon<\/span>, <a class=\"license\" href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nd\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY-ND<\/a><\/span>\n      <\/figcaption>\n  <\/figure>\n\n<span><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/michele-r-buzon-1304919\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Michele R. Buzon<\/a>, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/purdue-university-1827\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Purdue University<\/a><\/em><\/span>\n\n<p>Circular mounds of rocks dot the desert landscape at the archaeological site of <a href=\"http:\/\/www.tombos.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tombos<\/a> in northern Sudan. They reveal tumuli \u2013 the underground burial tombs used at least as far back as 2500 B.C. by ancient inhabitants who called this region <a href=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/11464948\/Pastoral_States_Toward_a_Comparative_Archaeology_of_Early_Kush\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kush or Nubia<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781444345940.ch4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">As a bioarchaeologist<\/a> who excavates and analyzes human skeletal remains along with their related grave goods, <a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/citations?user=LiRCKv8AAAAJ&amp;hl=en&amp;oi=ao\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">I\u2019ve been working<\/a> at Tombos for more than 20 years.<\/p>\n\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"vBA2K\" class=\"tc-infographic-datawrapper\" src=\"https:\/\/datawrapper.dwcdn.net\/vBA2K\/\" height=\"400\" width=\"100%\" style=\"border: none; height: 500px;width:320px;float:right;clear:both;margin-left:15px;margin-right:15px\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n\n<p>Discussions about ancient history in Africa are dominated by the rise of Egypt. But there were several societies that rose to great power in the Nile River Valley since the middle of the third millennium B.C., including this often overshadowed neighbor to Egypt\u2019s south. Even though ancient Kush rivaled and, at times, conquered Egypt, there\u2019s been a relative <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780190496272.013.2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">lack of modern attention<\/a> paid to this civilization. Early 20th century research expanded scholars\u2019 understandings of ancient Kush, but the interpretations had <a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/dRL6EDWfqMs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">colonial and racist biases<\/a> that often obscured this civilization\u2019s strengths and achievements.<\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"align-center zoomable\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/456906\/original\/file-20220407-20-dfw5kx.JPEG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img  decoding=\"async\"  alt=\"\"  src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABAQMAAAAl21bKAAAAA1BMVEUAAP+KeNJXAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAAApJREFUCNdjYAAAAAIAAeIhvDMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\"  class=\" pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-ls-sizes=\"(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/456906\/original\/file-20220407-20-dfw5kx.JPEG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\"  data-pk-srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/456906\/original\/file-20220407-20-dfw5kx.JPEG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=450&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/456906\/original\/file-20220407-20-dfw5kx.JPEG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=450&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/456906\/original\/file-20220407-20-dfw5kx.JPEG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=450&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/456906\/original\/file-20220407-20-dfw5kx.JPEG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=566&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/456906\/original\/file-20220407-20-dfw5kx.JPEG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=566&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/456906\/original\/file-20220407-20-dfw5kx.JPEG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=566&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\" ><\/a>\n            <figcaption>\n              <span class=\"caption\">Along its length, the Nile has six cataracts \u2013 rocky places with shallow, fast moving water. Tombos is at the Third Cataract.<\/span>\n              <span class=\"attribution\"><span class=\"source\">Michele R. Buzon<\/span>, <a class=\"license\" href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nd\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY-ND<\/a><\/span>\n            <\/figcaption>\n          <\/figure>\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Michele-Buzon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">I\u2019m co-director<\/a>, with <a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/citations?user=ukoSn9kAAAAJ&amp;hl=en&amp;oi=ao\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Stuart Tyson Smith<\/a>, of the excavations at Tombos. These burials tell our archaeological team about many aspects of life and death in this place millennia ago. Just like those living along the Nile River today, ancient people dealt with various challenges including environmental changes, sociopolitical transitions and interactions with other groups. Equally important to our discoveries about the past is sharing our findings with the local community and supporting Sudanese who want to pursue archaeology careers.<\/p>\n\n<h2 id=\"illuminating-life-and-death-at-tombos\">Illuminating life and death at Tombos<\/h2>\n\n<figure class=\"align-right zoomable\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/456900\/original\/file-20220407-24-1x6h51.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img  decoding=\"async\"  alt=\"a tarp shades people working in a rectangular trench cut out of sandy dirt\"  src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABAQMAAAAl21bKAAAAA1BMVEUAAP+KeNJXAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAAApJREFUCNdjYAAAAAIAAeIhvDMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\"  class=\" pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-ls-sizes=\"(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/456900\/original\/file-20220407-24-1x6h51.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=237&amp;fit=clip\"  data-pk-srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/456900\/original\/file-20220407-24-1x6h51.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=800&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/456900\/original\/file-20220407-24-1x6h51.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=800&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/456900\/original\/file-20220407-24-1x6h51.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=800&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/456900\/original\/file-20220407-24-1x6h51.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=1005&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/456900\/original\/file-20220407-24-1x6h51.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=1005&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/456900\/original\/file-20220407-24-1x6h51.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=1005&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\" ><\/a>\n            <figcaption>\n              <span class=\"caption\">Members of the research team looking for subterranean structures.<\/span>\n              <span class=\"attribution\"><span class=\"source\">Stuart Tyson Smith<\/span>, <a class=\"license\" href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nd\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY-ND<\/a><\/span>\n            <\/figcaption>\n          <\/figure>\n\n<p>The remains of the ancient inhabitants of Tombos reveal information about their <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5744\/bi.2017.1000\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">physical activity<\/a>, as well as <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpp.2014.05.002\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">infection and nutrition<\/a>. Conditions such as <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpp.2014.03.003\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">heart disease<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0090924\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cancer<\/a> and the <a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/book\/10.1007\/978-3-030-02544-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">effects of hard labor<\/a> all leave marks on the human body that provide insights into the epidemiology of disease in the past. They help us trace the factors that play a role in health conditions and their social context. For example, we\u2019ve found the remains of an adult woman and child who <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpp.2019.07.006\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">lived with a growth disorder<\/a>, which shows that people with physical differences were incorporated into society.<\/p>\n\n<p>By analyzing the isotopes, or forms of chemical elements, incorporated into inhabitants\u2019 teeth, we\u2019re able to piece together <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.22235\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">where they may have lived during childhood<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<p>As the team uncovers what lies <a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/vl_BJgYSPSo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">beneath the ground<\/a>, we learn about individual <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aman.12524\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ancient community members<\/a>. For instance, we\u2019ve found the remains of an older woman who lived into her 60s and experienced arthritis, a younger woman whose burial included a baby, and a middle-aged woman with a basket full of whole and broken small figurines, beads and other items. Discovering people who apparently lived different kinds of lives lets our team create a picture of who populated Tombos when it was thriving.<\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"align-center zoomable\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/456904\/original\/file-20220407-14-74mpqh.JPEG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img  decoding=\"async\"  alt=\"Scientists excavate an underground tomb\"  src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABAQMAAAAl21bKAAAAA1BMVEUAAP+KeNJXAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAAApJREFUCNdjYAAAAAIAAeIhvDMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\"  class=\" pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-ls-sizes=\"(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/456904\/original\/file-20220407-14-74mpqh.JPEG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\"  data-pk-srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/456904\/original\/file-20220407-14-74mpqh.JPEG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=450&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/456904\/original\/file-20220407-14-74mpqh.JPEG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=450&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/456904\/original\/file-20220407-14-74mpqh.JPEG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=450&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/456904\/original\/file-20220407-14-74mpqh.JPEG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=566&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/456904\/original\/file-20220407-14-74mpqh.JPEG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=566&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/456904\/original\/file-20220407-14-74mpqh.JPEG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=566&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\" ><\/a>\n            <figcaption>\n              <span class=\"caption\">Research team members excavating a tumulus burial structure.<\/span>\n              <span class=\"attribution\"><span class=\"source\">Michele R. Buzon<\/span>, <a class=\"license\" href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nd\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY-ND<\/a><\/span>\n            <\/figcaption>\n          <\/figure>\n\n<p>The tomb structures show us how people wanted to represent themselves and their families publicly after death. We can link body position and the artifacts accompanying the burials to different cultural and religious practices. One well-provisioned <a href=\"https:\/\/issuu.com\/sudarchrs\/docs\/s_n11_smith\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">burial of a middle-aged man<\/a> included both a bed and coffin, combining traditional Nubian and Egyptian practices. The tomb also contained bronze bowls, a decorated wooden box, a pile of amulets that were treated as magical objects and a cache of iron weapons, which demonstrate early iron use in Nubia.<\/p>\n\n<p>We\u2019ve found that when Egyptians ruled Nubians during the New Kingdom empire around 1200 B.C., some immigrant Egyptians and local people selected Egyptian-style pyramid and chamber tombs for their burials. At the same time, some people at Tombos also used the <a href=\"https:\/\/tombos.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/Nile-Magazine-No.-13-Apr-May-2018-Tombos_PDF.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">local tumulus tomb structure<\/a> similar to earlier graves in Nubia, showing how much people varied in their choices about burial.<\/p>\n\n<h2 id=\"involving-todays-inhabitants-with-finds-from-the-past\">Involving today\u2019s inhabitants with finds from the past<\/h2>\n\n<p>Our archaeological team\u2019s ability to successfully build a picture of people from the past relies on active and close engagement with the local community. Our interactions with town residents \u2013 through archaeological work, casual conversations over tea and formal presentations of our findings \u2013 have shown us that they are proud of the region\u2019s ancient people and wish for themselves and others to know more about them.<\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"align-center zoomable\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/453454\/original\/file-20220321-14965-1dl1j4r.JPEG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img  decoding=\"async\"  alt=\"Seven women stand together in a tree&#039;s shade\"  src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABAQMAAAAl21bKAAAAA1BMVEUAAP+KeNJXAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAAApJREFUCNdjYAAAAAIAAeIhvDMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\"  class=\" pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-ls-sizes=\"(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/453454\/original\/file-20220321-14965-1dl1j4r.JPEG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\"  data-pk-srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/453454\/original\/file-20220321-14965-1dl1j4r.JPEG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=450&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/453454\/original\/file-20220321-14965-1dl1j4r.JPEG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=450&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/453454\/original\/file-20220321-14965-1dl1j4r.JPEG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=450&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/453454\/original\/file-20220321-14965-1dl1j4r.JPEG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=566&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/453454\/original\/file-20220321-14965-1dl1j4r.JPEG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=566&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/453454\/original\/file-20220321-14965-1dl1j4r.JPEG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=566&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\" ><\/a>\n            <figcaption>\n              <span class=\"caption\">The archaeological team prioritizes sharing their findings with the local community, particularly the women, who are less likely to work at the site as laborers. The author is third from the right.<\/span>\n              <span class=\"attribution\"><span class=\"source\">Michele R. Buzon<\/span>, <a class=\"license\" href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nd\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY-ND<\/a><\/span>\n            <\/figcaption>\n          <\/figure>\n\n<p>A recent lecture and discussion that my Sudanese colleague, Remah Abdelrahim Kabashi Ahmed, and I held for the women of Tombos showed us how curious they are about the past as well as the present. Remah, who is training in bioarchaeology, and I answered questions such as: What kind of medicine did people use then? How old was the baby at death? Why did people put a bed and jewelry in their tomb? They notice the use of beds in ancient burials that look similar to those carved in recent times. They ask if we as women find the work physically difficult.<\/p>\n\n<p>Importantly, they tell us that they want more presentations because their male family members who work at the archaeological site with us don\u2019t share with them what we\u2019ve found. As a result, we\u2019ve expanded our outreach in many ways, including by collaborating with the local schools to produce some <a href=\"https:\/\/tombos.org\/educational-posters-2\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">teaching materials<\/a> about archaeology, local history and Tombos site findings. We also hosted a teacher and her students on a <a href=\"https:\/\/tombos.org\/conversations-with-local-people-in-tombos-by-tomomi-fushiya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tour of the site<\/a> to see our open excavations.<\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"align-center zoomable\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/453455\/original\/file-20220321-25-kxu7rn.JPEG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img  decoding=\"async\"  alt=\"people cluster around a pit in an arid landscape\"  src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABAQMAAAAl21bKAAAAA1BMVEUAAP+KeNJXAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAAApJREFUCNdjYAAAAAIAAeIhvDMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\"  class=\" pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-ls-sizes=\"(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/453455\/original\/file-20220321-25-kxu7rn.JPEG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\"  data-pk-srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/453455\/original\/file-20220321-25-kxu7rn.JPEG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=450&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/453455\/original\/file-20220321-25-kxu7rn.JPEG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=450&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/453455\/original\/file-20220321-25-kxu7rn.JPEG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=450&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/453455\/original\/file-20220321-25-kxu7rn.JPEG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=566&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/453455\/original\/file-20220321-25-kxu7rn.JPEG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=566&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/453455\/original\/file-20220321-25-kxu7rn.JPEG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=566&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\" ><\/a>\n            <figcaption>\n              <span class=\"caption\">A tour of the site by a fifth-grade class is part of the archaeologists\u2019 outreach to the local community.<\/span>\n              <span class=\"attribution\"><span class=\"source\">Michele Buzon<\/span>, <a class=\"license\" href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nd\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY-ND<\/a><\/span>\n            <\/figcaption>\n          <\/figure>\n\n<p>We work closely with the Sudanese administrative body that oversees archaeological research, the National Corporation for Antiquities and Museums. But this is not enough. It\u2019s important for foreign researchers to study the past in collaboration with partners from the community and Sudanese academic colleagues. These partnerships are vital steps in working together to create new knowledge about the region\u2019s ancient history and improve upon the exclusionary and racist perspectives of earlier researchers.<\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"align-right zoomable\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/456901\/original\/file-20220407-20-i4bczk.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img  decoding=\"async\"  alt=\"Man stands in deep rectangular hole cut from dusty dirt\"  src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABAQMAAAAl21bKAAAAA1BMVEUAAP+KeNJXAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAAApJREFUCNdjYAAAAAIAAeIhvDMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\"  class=\" pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-ls-sizes=\"(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/456901\/original\/file-20220407-20-i4bczk.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=237&amp;fit=clip\"  data-pk-srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/456901\/original\/file-20220407-20-i4bczk.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=800&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/456901\/original\/file-20220407-20-i4bczk.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=800&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/456901\/original\/file-20220407-20-i4bczk.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=800&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/456901\/original\/file-20220407-20-i4bczk.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=1005&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/456901\/original\/file-20220407-20-i4bczk.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=1005&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/456901\/original\/file-20220407-20-i4bczk.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=1005&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\" ><\/a>\n            <figcaption>\n              <span class=\"caption\">Mohamed Faroug Ali in a stone-lined tomb structure.<\/span>\n              <span class=\"attribution\"><span class=\"source\">Stuart Tyson Smith<\/span>, <a class=\"license\" href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nd\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY-ND<\/a><\/span>\n            <\/figcaption>\n          <\/figure>\n\n<p>Tombos team member Mohamed Faroug Ali, a Sudanese archaeologist at International University of Africa in Khartoum, led the creation of the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.amsarc.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American Sudanese Archaeological Research Center<\/a>, with the goal of encouraging international research and collaboration in Sudan. We\u2019ve run virtual lectures and provided scholarships for Sudanese students pursuing degrees in archaeology. We\u2019re working toward developing a degree program at the International University of Africa.<\/p>\n\n<p>Our goal is to support training Sudanese so local people \u2013 with more direct connections to the ancient civilization we\u2019re studying \u2013 can participate in these archaeological projects at all levels. Promoting and practicing ethical research that includes the people who live in the area today is as important to the Tombos team as learning more about the lives of the ancient inhabitants.<\/p>\n\n[<em>Understand new developments in science, health and technology, each week.<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/memberservices.theconversation.com\/newsletters\/?nl=science&amp;source=inline-science-understand\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Subscribe to The Conversation\u2019s science newsletter<\/a>.]<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img  loading=\"lazy\"  decoding=\"async\"  src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABAQMAAAAl21bKAAAAA1BMVEUAAP+KeNJXAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAAApJREFUCNdjYAAAAAIAAeIhvDMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\"  alt=\"The Conversation\"  width=\"1\"  height=\"1\"  style=\"border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important\"  class=\" pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/174575\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" ><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https:\/\/theconversation.com\/republishing-guidelines --><\/p>\n\n<p><span><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/michele-r-buzon-1304919\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Michele R. Buzon<\/a>, Professor of Anthropology, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/purdue-university-1827\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Purdue University<\/a><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n\n<p>This article is republished from <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/archaeological-site-along-the-nile-opens-a-window-on-the-nubian-civilization-that-flourished-in-ancient-sudan-174575\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">original article<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Thousands of years ago, people in this part of Sudan used underground tombs to bury their dead. Michele&hellip;\n","protected":false},"author":48,"featured_media":4134,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[18],"tags":[85,522,474],"class_list":{"0":"post-4133","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-history","8":"tag-ancient","9":"tag-nubia","10":"tag-the-conversation","11":"cs-entry","12":"cs-video-wrap"},"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4133","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/48"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4133"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4133\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4135,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4133\/revisions\/4135"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4134"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4133"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4133"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4133"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}