{"id":4098,"date":"2022-04-28T22:00:00","date_gmt":"2022-04-28T22:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/?p=4098"},"modified":"2022-04-12T08:11:37","modified_gmt":"2022-04-12T08:11:37","slug":"monkeys-can-sense-their-own-heartbeats-an-ability-tied-to-mental-health-consciousness-and-memory-in-humans","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/monkeys-can-sense-their-own-heartbeats-an-ability-tied-to-mental-health-consciousness-and-memory-in-humans\/","title":{"rendered":"Monkeys can sense their own heartbeats, an ability tied to mental health, consciousness and memory in humans"},"content":{"rendered":"\n  <figure>\n    <img  decoding=\"async\"  src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABAQMAAAAl21bKAAAAA1BMVEUAAP+KeNJXAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAAApJREFUCNdjYAAAAAIAAeIhvDMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\"  class=\" pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/457499\/original\/file-20220411-16-s3gwnp.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&rect=17%2C31%2C1479%2C1059&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip\" >\n      <figcaption>\n        New research indicates that rhesus monkeys show interoception \u2013 the ability to sense physiological processes like their own heartbeats.\n        <span class=\"attribution\"><span class=\"source\">Matthew Verdolivo\/UC Davis IET Academic Technology Services<\/span>, <a class=\"license\" href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nd\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY-ND<\/a><\/span>\n      <\/figcaption>\n  <\/figure>\n\n<span><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/joey-charbonneau-1336874\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Joey Charbonneau<\/a>, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/university-of-california-davis-1312\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">University of California, Davis<\/a><\/em> and <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/eliza-bliss-moreau-118473\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Eliza Bliss-Moreau<\/a>, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/university-of-california-davis-1312\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">University of California, Davis<\/a><\/em><\/span>\n\n<p><em>The <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/us\/topics\/research-brief-83231\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Research Brief<\/a> is a short take about interesting academic work.<\/em><\/p>\n\n<h2 id=\"the-big-idea\">The big idea<\/h2>\n\n<p>Rhesus monkeys have a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ucdavis.edu\/health\/news\/rhesus-monkeys-can-perceive-their-own-heartbeat\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sense of when their own hearts are beating<\/a>, according to new research we conducted.<\/p>\n\n<p>Sensing one\u2019s own physiological states \u2013 like your heartbeat, breathing or blushing cheeks \u2013 is called <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/topics\/medicine-and-dentistry\/interoception\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">interoception<\/a>. Some previous research has shown that animals can be <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cub.2021.07.011\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">trained to do tasks that demonstrate this ability<\/a>. Decades ago, a team of scientists showed rhesus monkeys could <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0030217\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">be trained to increase and decrease their heart rates<\/a>. But an open question has been whether monkeys have an unlearned ability to sense their bodily signals rather than being taught to do so.<\/p>\n\n<p>Both human babies and monkeys look at things that are unexpected or novel for longer amounts of time than they look at things that they expect or are used to seeing. We used a task that relies on this behavior \u2013 originally developed to <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/eLife.25318\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">test whether human infants can sense their own heartbeats<\/a> \u2013 to learn whether monkeys also have this ability.<\/p>\n\n<figure>\n            <iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"440\" height=\"260\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Pke81XnMmsQ?wmode=transparent&start=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"\"><\/iframe>\n            <figcaption><span class=\"caption\">Monkeys were shown videos of a bouncing cloud or star that was either in sync or out of sync with their own heartbeats. The moving red dot represents where the monkeys were looking. Credit: Joey Charbonneau.<\/span><\/figcaption>\n          <\/figure>\n\n<p>We first got our monkeys to sit in chairs in front of a computer screen and hooked them up to electrocardiograms to monitor their heartbeats. Then we played videos of either a yellow or green cloud bouncing up and down accompanied by beeping sounds. Sometimes we would sync the bouncing and beeping to match the monkey\u2019s heartbeat, and at other times they were out of sync.<\/p>\n\n<p>We then used eye trackers to measure how long the monkeys looked at the images. If the monkeys had a sense of their own heartbeats, they would find the in-sync bouncing less interesting and novel than the out-of-sync bouncing and so would spend more time looking at the out-of-sync image.<\/p>\n\n<p>We tested four monkeys and, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/eLife.25318\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">just like human babies<\/a>, they looked at the shapes that bounced and sounded out of sync with their heartbeats <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ucdavis.edu\/health\/news\/rhesus-monkeys-can-perceive-their-own-heartbeat\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">for significantly longer<\/a> \u2013 nearly three-quarters of a second \u2013 than the in-sync images. Additionally, the extent to which our monkeys paid more attention to out-of-sync shapes than in-sync shapes was very close to the difference in human babies. These findings strongly suggest that monkeys have an innate sense of their own heartbeats.<\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"align-center zoomable\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/457497\/original\/file-20220411-10836-n5zz32.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img  decoding=\"async\"  alt=\"Two small brown monkeys playing in grass.\"  src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABAQMAAAAl21bKAAAAA1BMVEUAAP+KeNJXAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAAApJREFUCNdjYAAAAAIAAeIhvDMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\"  class=\" pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-ls-sizes=\"(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/457497\/original\/file-20220411-10836-n5zz32.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip\"  data-pk-srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/457497\/original\/file-20220411-10836-n5zz32.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/457497\/original\/file-20220411-10836-n5zz32.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/457497\/original\/file-20220411-10836-n5zz32.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/457497\/original\/file-20220411-10836-n5zz32.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/457497\/original\/file-20220411-10836-n5zz32.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/457497\/original\/file-20220411-10836-n5zz32.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w\" ><\/a>\n            <figcaption>\n              <span class=\"caption\">In humans, the ability to sense one\u2019s own physiological functions is tied to consciousness, memory and a number of mental health disorders. Showing this skill in monkeys opens up many research opportunities.<\/span>\n              <span class=\"attribution\"><span class=\"source\">Kathy West\/CNPRC<\/span>, <a class=\"license\" href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nd\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY-ND<\/a><\/span>\n            <\/figcaption>\n          <\/figure>\n\n<h2 id=\"why-it-matters\">Why it matters<\/h2>\n\n<p>Heartbeat detection tests are the most commonly used to evaluate how aware of bodily signals people are. <\/p>\n\n<p>In humans, this skill is thought to be central to <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.87.5.684\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">emotional experiences<\/a>, having a <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tins.2020.09.008\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sense of self<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2016.0005\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">memory<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.concog.2016.08.015\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">knowledge of one\u2019s own cognition<\/a> and even <a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1038\/nrn2555\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">consciousness<\/a>. Abnormally low or high interoception is related to disorders like <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpr.2009.08.008\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">anxiety<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/da.20504\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">depression<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<p>Our work establishes that monkeys and people have a similar sense of their heartbeats and establishes a method for testing this ability across species.<\/p>\n\n<h2 id=\"whats-next\">What\u2019s next<\/h2>\n\n<p>People are well aware of many subtle physiological functions, not just their own heartbeats. But while some people have a very sharp interoceptive ability, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/026999300378905\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a lot of humans are really bad<\/a> at tasks like the one in the study. Next, our team plans to test whether \u2013 like people \u2013 some monkeys are better than others at sensing their own heartbeats and whether this <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.copsyc.2017.04.020\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">translates to other psychological features<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<p>Finally, with monkeys, researchers can track animals from womb to tomb, have exquisite experimental control and can carry out detailed anatomical evaluations. This access may allow researchers to determine how interoceptive capacity develops, what features of the social and physical environment shape it and what neural systems underlie it. <\/p>\n\n<p>Establishing this knowledge could further research into the causes behind many <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tins.2020.09.009\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">health challenges<\/a> caused when interoception goes awry \u2013 including <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpsc.2017.12.004\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mental health disorders<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2016.0006\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">neurodegenerative disorders<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/emo0000699\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">aging<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n[<em>Climate change, AI, vaccines, black holes and much more.<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/memberservices.theconversation.com\/newsletters\/?nl=science&source=inline-science-various\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Get The Conversation\u2019s best science and health coverage<\/a>.]<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img  loading=\"lazy\"  decoding=\"async\"  src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABAQMAAAAl21bKAAAAA1BMVEUAAP+KeNJXAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAAApJREFUCNdjYAAAAAIAAeIhvDMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\"  alt=\"The Conversation\"  width=\"1\"  height=\"1\"  style=\"border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important\"  class=\" pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/181128\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" ><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https:\/\/theconversation.com\/republishing-guidelines --><\/p>\n\n<p><span><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/joey-charbonneau-1336874\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Joey Charbonneau<\/a>, PhD Student in Neuroscience, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/university-of-california-davis-1312\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">University of California, Davis<\/a><\/em> and <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/eliza-bliss-moreau-118473\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Eliza Bliss-Moreau<\/a>, Associate Professor of Psychology, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/university-of-california-davis-1312\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">University of California, Davis<\/a><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n\n<p>This article is republished from <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/monkeys-can-sense-their-own-heartbeats-an-ability-tied-to-mental-health-consciousness-and-memory-in-humans-181128\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">original article<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"New research indicates that rhesus monkeys show interoception \u2013 the ability to sense physiological processes like their own&hellip;\n","protected":false},"author":39,"featured_media":4099,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[11],"tags":[278,474],"class_list":{"0":"post-4098","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-nature","8":"tag-brain","9":"tag-the-conversation","10":"cs-entry","11":"cs-video-wrap"},"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4098","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/39"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4098"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4098\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4100,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4098\/revisions\/4100"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4099"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4098"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4098"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4098"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}