{"id":3407,"date":"2021-12-15T22:00:00","date_gmt":"2021-12-15T22:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/?p=3407"},"modified":"2022-01-14T03:25:02","modified_gmt":"2022-01-14T03:25:02","slug":"novel-artificial-xenobots-replicate-in-a-never-before-seen-way","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/novel-artificial-xenobots-replicate-in-a-never-before-seen-way\/","title":{"rendered":"Novel Artificial \u201cXenobots\u201d Replicate In a Never-Before-Seen Way"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Some of you may be old enough to remember <em>Pac-Man<\/em>, which was a famous arcade game that featured the tiny, yellow titular character that gobbled up ghosts whenever they snacked on some cherries or other fruits.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Now, imagine if Pac-Man was made of living frog cells, and managed to get himself some children and grandchildren through a pretty radical way of cell reproduction. That\u2019s precisely what a recent study published in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pnas.org\/content\/118\/49\/e2112672118\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences<\/em><\/a> claimed to have just done\u2014down to even the video game character\u2019s shape.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img  decoding=\"async\"  src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABAQMAAAAl21bKAAAAA1BMVEUAAP+KeNJXAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAAApJREFUCNdjYAAAAAIAAeIhvDMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\"  alt=\"\"  class=\" pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/lh4.googleusercontent.com\/tTOVLC7e13Q5z2d2lmeA1HzZmZ3FPfxtty4yIQIkatPRm4kp-5HDX279b-feapsBVH3dNfTUCgwp5sBsC9It87uNoikh_Gt0LvpGqbTX8GGPhBlcYBNngTU86g5LGD8qVdZ9JMT_\" ><figcaption> The novel research of Kriegman and team bears an uncanny resemblance to a famous \u201880s arcade video game character. (Kriegman et al, 2021) <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The effort was spearheaded by Sam Kriegman, from Harvard University\u2019s Wyss Institute for Biologically-Inspired Engineering (WIBE). Together with a team from Harvard, the University of Vermont (UVM), and Tufts University (TU), Kriegman crafted artificial \u201c<em>Xenobots<\/em>\u201d from cells harvested from the African clawed frog (<em>Xenopus laevis<\/em>)\u2014and they did it with the help of supercomputers and artificial intelligence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>These \u201cXenobots\u201d actually made headlines last year for being the \u201cfirst living robots,\u201d with the authors referring to them as \u201cliving, programmable [organisms.]\u201d The previous study was also <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pnas.org\/content\/117\/4\/1853\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">published in the same journal as this one<\/a>, just nearly two years prior.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"UVM and Tufts Team Builds First Living Robots\" width=\"1200\" height=\"675\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/aQRBCCjaYGE?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><figcaption> A video uploaded early last year by the University of Vermont showcases this novel research into the frog cell-based Xenobots. (The University of Vermont, 2020) <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The Xenobots were \u201cassembled by hand,\u201d and moved around with the help of \u201cstored embryonic energy,\u201d according to <a href=\"https:\/\/newatlas.com\/science\/pac-man-living-xenobots-reproduction\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>New Atlas<\/em><\/a>. These artificial creations were confined in Petri dishes, where they performed certain tasks designated to them depending on how they were designed; these included either moving stuff around inside the dish, or just outright \u201creproduction\u201d by gathering material from nearby loose cells.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img  decoding=\"async\"  src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABAQMAAAAl21bKAAAAA1BMVEUAAP+KeNJXAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAAApJREFUCNdjYAAAAAIAAeIhvDMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\"  alt=\"\"  class=\" pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/lh4.googleusercontent.com\/bmG80B93CXHTDrjgQUsv_Hc88-liS0QHp2hPJO2kJFNzySen86DfRVQJFEFafuJb8t4wq1yJTzBUKUKceXhAKGHLBb1CgnivsW9GkaEFF58QSpMwf1UH3Icyc0UrRZPYoZ8z1dPz\" ><figcaption> The African clawed frog (<em>Xenopus laevis<\/em>) can be found natively in regions between Nigeria and South Africa. (Gratwicke, 2012) <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>They enabled these capabilities for the Xenobots by using supercomputers; to be specific, they aimed their efforts towards the use of <em>evolutionary algorithms<\/em> to explore different body shapes. The hopes were that the team would arrive in an optimal body shape that can promote and sustain a special kind of reproduction the scientists coined \u201c<em>kinematic reproduction<\/em>.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>And they did\u2014it just so happens that their final design ended up looking like a particular yellow arcade game character from the \u201880s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Said Kriegman: \u201cWe asked the supercomputer at UVM to figure out how to adjust the shape of the initial parents, and the AI came up with some strange designs after months of chugging away, including one that resembled Pac-Man. [&#8230;] We sent the results to Doug [Blackiston] (co-author), and he built these Pac-Man-shaped parent xenobots. Then those parents built children, who built grandchildren, who built great-grandchildren, who built great-great-grandchildren.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img  decoding=\"async\"  src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABAQMAAAAl21bKAAAAA1BMVEUAAP+KeNJXAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAAApJREFUCNdjYAAAAAIAAeIhvDMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\"  alt=\"\"  class=\" pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/lh3.googleusercontent.com\/xjWd1zEj0_lQ8LL6j3udYIGP82GNnMTkhEp02TkIcUCg2KuevLIB6bLcoq-SkSCSqGxrB7QpLVsxqtZof9mjJUmRrvb8WtYOCObG5PO36AIo4cFof33BmVyHuSYhPs-WicjBTt9U\" ><figcaption> The Xenobots, shown here inside a Petri dish, move around to collect cells in their \u201cmouths\u201d; they then proceed to \u201creproduce,\u201d making offspring that look just like them. (Kriegman et al, 2021) <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The novel reproduction process, which involves the Xenobots collecting more cells in their \u201cmouths\u201d then producing duplicate copies of themselves, takes place over the span of a few days. As of the time of writing, no other known animal or plant is known to reproduce in this manner.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cThis is profound,\u201d says co-author Michael Levin, who worked with Kriegman and Blackiston. \u201cThese cells have the genome of a frog, but, freed from becoming tadpoles, they use their collective intelligence, a plasticity, to do something astounding.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kriegman continued: \u201cThese are frog cells replicating in a way that is very different from how frogs do it. No animal or plant known to science replicates in this way,\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Xenobots 3.0: Living Robots That Can Reproduce\" width=\"1200\" height=\"675\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/FqkfBish_Ic?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><figcaption> A long-form video uploaded by the Wyss Institute for Biologically-Inspired Engineering discusses in detail the novel study about Xenobot reproduction. (Wyss Institute, 2021) <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>According to the authors, their results showcase Xenobots to be the \u201cideal vehicle to study self-replicating systems,\u201d which may pave the way for future replicating robots that can rid oceans of microplastics, or for use in the medical and pharmaceutical sector.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cIf we knew how to tell collections of cells to do what we wanted them to do, ultimately, that\u2019s regenerative medicine\u2014that\u2019s the solution to traumatic injury, birth defects, cancer, and aging,\u201d Levin added. \u201cAll of these different problems are here because we don\u2019t know how to predict and control what groups of cells are going to build. Xenobots are a new platform for teaching us.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cWe\u2019ve discovered that there is this previously unknown space within organisms, or living systems, and it\u2019s a vast space,\u201d says co-author Josh Bongard. \u201cHow do we then go about exploring that space? [Now,] in this study, we\u2019ve found Xenobots that kinematically replicate. What else is out there?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(For similar cell-based finds, check out how researchers discovered that <a href=\"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/researchers-reveal-that-red-blood-cells-are-tiny-transmitters-of-electricity\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">red blood cells can function as tiny \u201ctransmitters\u201d of electricity<\/a>.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"references\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">References<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Brown, J. (2020, January 14). <em>Team builds the first living robots<\/em>. The University of Vermont. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.uvm.edu\/news\/story\/team-builds-first-living-robots\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.uvm.edu\/news\/story\/team-builds-first-living-robots<\/a><\/li><li>Brown, J. (2021, November 29). <em>Team builds first living robots\u2014That can reproduce<\/em>. Wyss Institute. <a href=\"https:\/\/wyss.harvard.edu\/news\/team-builds-first-living-robots-that-can-reproduce\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/wyss.harvard.edu\/news\/team-builds-first-living-robots-that-can-reproduce\/<\/a><\/li><li>Dockrill, P. (2021, November 30). <em>Bizarre creatures are world\u2019s first self-replicating \u2018living robots\u2019, scientists say<\/em>. ScienceAlert. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencealert.com\/world-s-first-self-replicating-living-robots-look-like-pac-man-but-are-much-weirder\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.sciencealert.com\/world-s-first-self-replicating-living-robots-look-like-pac-man-but-are-much-weirder<\/a><\/li><li>Kriegman, S., Blackiston, D., Levin, M., &amp; Bongard, J. (2020). A scalable pipeline for designing reconfigurable organisms. <em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences<\/em>, <em>117<\/em>(4), 1853\u20131859. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1910837117\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1910837117<\/a><\/li><li>Kriegman, S., Blackiston, D., Levin, M., &amp; Bongard, J. (2021). Kinematic self-replication in reconfigurable organisms. <em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences<\/em>, <em>118<\/em>(49). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2112672118\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2112672118<\/a><\/li><li>Lavars, N. (2021, November 30). <em>Self-replicating Xenobots represent new form of biological reproduction<\/em>. New Atlas. <a href=\"https:\/\/newatlas.com\/science\/pac-man-living-xenobots-reproduction\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/newatlas.com\/science\/pac-man-living-xenobots-reproduction\/<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Some of you may be old enough to remember Pac-Man, which was a famous arcade game that featured&hellip;\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":3546,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[11,16],"tags":[270,403],"class_list":{"0":"post-3407","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-nature","8":"category-tech","9":"tag-cell","10":"tag-xenobot","11":"cs-entry","12":"cs-video-wrap"},"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3407","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3407"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3407\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3410,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3407\/revisions\/3410"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3546"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3407"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3407"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3407"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}