{"id":2970,"date":"2021-10-07T10:00:00","date_gmt":"2021-10-07T10:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/?p=2970"},"modified":"2021-09-24T02:56:43","modified_gmt":"2021-09-24T02:56:43","slug":"the-moon-may-be-hiding-more-evidence-of-bombardment-during-its-early-days","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/the-moon-may-be-hiding-more-evidence-of-bombardment-during-its-early-days\/","title":{"rendered":"The Moon May Be Hiding More Evidence of Bombardment During Its Early Days"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>The Solar System may look peaceful now, but it wasn\u2019t always this way. Around 4.6 billion years ago, it was rife with moving material. The solar nebula that would eventually form our Sun and everything else in its vicinity would start to collapse in on itself due to its own collective gravity. Likewise, smaller clumps of material like dirt and gas would start sticking together. These would likely number in the millions; bigger clumps\u2014now <em>planetesimals<\/em>\u2014would attract even more clumps, growing bigger as a consequence. Of those bigger clumps, eight lucky ones would grow so large that they would be designated a name by creatures who would eventually evolve in the third one from the Sun: \u201cplanets.\u201d Others would fail to gain its place revolving around the Sun, and would instead be captured by a nearby planet\u2014these would be the moons revolving around planets, including our very own. Those that failed to clump together to a larger size would remain scattered throughout the Solar System, becoming what we know as meteorites and comets.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Science Today: Simulating Solar System Formation | California Academy of Sciences\" width=\"1200\" height=\"675\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/yXq1i3HlumA?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><figcaption> A simulation from the California Academy of Sciences showcases what could have happened during the early days of our Solar System. (California Academy of Sciences, 2016) <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Now, for a planet or a moon to grow, it must obtain material. For instance, an unlucky planetesimal may get too close and be sucked in by a growing planet\u2019s or moon\u2019s gravity. Of course, the process is far from graceful; these planetesimals collide with the surface of the growing planetary body, heating the surface around it from the energetic impact. This would happen in the thousands, and would continue to happen for millions of years, until the growing planet or moon has cleared all debris within the reach of its gravitational field.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Our own moon would have likely experienced a similar phase of \u201cbombardment\u201d by early planetary fragments during its early life. While several theories abound as to how the Moon originally formed, astronomers believe that much like the rest of the planets and moons in the Solar System, our Moon too was bombarded by planetesimals. Given its very weak gravitational field, any gases that would have otherwise formed the Moon\u2019s atmosphere have since escaped into space or have been stripped away by solar wind. This means that the Moon has little mechanisms available for erosion to modify its surface now, hence why so many craters are still visible on the Moon\u2019s surface today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Now, scientists used to think they had the Moon\u2019s early formation phase realized enough; however, findings by a team of researchers led by Katarina Miljkovi\u0107 from Curtin University reveal that Earth\u2019s natural satellite may have been hit by much more during its early bombardment than previously thought. Their findings were published in the journal <em>Nature Communications<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img  loading=\"lazy\"  decoding=\"async\"  width=\"1024\"  height=\"683\"  src=\"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/Modern-Sciences-banner-photos-1-9-80x53.png\"  alt=\"\"  class=\"wp-image-2971 pk-lqip pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-ls-sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/Modern-Sciences-banner-photos-1-9-1024x683.png\"  data-pk-srcset=\"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/Modern-Sciences-banner-photos-1-9-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/Modern-Sciences-banner-photos-1-9-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/Modern-Sciences-banner-photos-1-9-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/Modern-Sciences-banner-photos-1-9-1536x1025.png 1536w, https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/Modern-Sciences-banner-photos-1-9-380x253.png 380w, https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/Modern-Sciences-banner-photos-1-9-800x534.png 800w, https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/Modern-Sciences-banner-photos-1-9-1160x774.png 1160w, https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/Modern-Sciences-banner-photos-1-9-80x53.png 80w, https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/Modern-Sciences-banner-photos-1-9-760x507.png 760w, https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/Modern-Sciences-banner-photos-1-9-1600x1067.png 1600w, https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/Modern-Sciences-banner-photos-1-9-600x400.png 600w, https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/Modern-Sciences-banner-photos-1-9.png 1619w\" ><figcaption> The Moon\u2019s surface is currently littered with smaller craters, and massive, much older sites called \u201cimpact basins.\u201d Since a young Moon would have had a softer, more molten surface than what it has now, researchers say it may have lost most of the evidence from its earlier bombardments, meaning it may have experienced a much higher rate of impacts than previously thought. (Field\/Getty Images) <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Miljkovi\u0107 and team referred to findings from several tests and experiments, including impact crater dating, asteroid dynamics, and even lunar evolution modeling. To Miljkovi\u0107 and the team, some of these impact craters may have been laid in place while the Moon\u2019s surface was still \u201csoft\u201d and molten; this, they say, would have left enough time for the impact craters to disappear from the surface as it cooled, despite its eventual lack of an atmosphere later on. To them, the Moon may be lacking evidence left behind on its surface, hiding what could have been a more violent past for Earth\u2019s companion than previously thought.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>According to Miljkovi\u0107, \u201clunar craters may have looked significantly different if they occurred while the Moon was still cooling, following its formation.\u201d She followed: \u201cA very young Moon had formed with a global magma ocean that cooled over millions of years, to form the Moon we see today. [&#8230;] These large impact craters\u2014often referred to as<em> impact basins<\/em>, [and would have] formed during the lunar magma ocean solidification more than four billion years ago\u2014should have produced different looking craters in comparison to those formed later in [its] geologic history.\u201d Miljkovi\u0107 considers the Moon\u2019s current <em>South Pole-Aitken basin<\/em> as one example of these ancient impact basins.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201c[When] asteroids and other bodies hit a softer surface, [they] wouldn\u2019t have left such severe imprints\u2014meaning there would be little geologic or geophysical evidence that impact had occurred.\u201d This, according to Miljkovi\u0107 and the team, would have corresponded with what could have been a prolonged solidification process of the lunar magma ocean after initial formation. Once its surface hardened, imprints left behind by later bombardments would end up being a lot more noticeable, they said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cIt remained imperative to understand the bombardment and the cratering record from the earliest epochs of Solar System history in order to complete the story of how planets formed and evolved,\u201d Miljkovic said. \u201cIn this research, we set out to explain the discrepancy between theory and observations of the lunar [cratering] record.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Miljkovi\u0107 believes future research into this topic would reveal more insights on the early formation and evolution of our planet, as well as of our planetary neighbors within the Solar System.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(To find out more on how different the young Solar System was, check out our piece on <a href=\"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/young-mars-was-dotted-with-explosive-volcanoes-new-research-finds\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">how a young Mars might have been dotted by supervolcanoes<\/a>\u2014and what it means for what we know about Earth.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"references\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">References<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Miljkovi\u0107, K., Wieczorek, M. A., Laneuville, M., Nemchin, A., Bland, P. A., &amp; Zuber, M. T. (2021). Large impact cratering during lunar magma ocean solidification. <em>Nature Communications<\/em>, <em>12<\/em>(1), 5433. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-021-25818-7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-021-25818-7<\/a><\/li><li><em>Our solar system<\/em>. (n.d.). NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved October 7, 2021, from <a href=\"https:\/\/solarsystem.nasa.gov\/solar-system\/our-solar-system\/in-depth\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/solarsystem.nasa.gov\/solar-system\/our-solar-system\/in-depth<\/a><\/li><li>Sci-News. (2021, September 14). <em>Young Moon May Have Been Subjected to Heavier Bombardment than Previously Thought<\/em>. Sci-News. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.sci-news.com\/space\/young-moon-bombardment-10065.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.sci-news.com\/space\/young-moon-bombardment-10065.html<\/a><\/li><li><em>The moons formation and evolution<\/em>. (n.d.). Lunar and Planetary Institute (LPI). Retrieved October 7, 2021, from <a href=\"http:\/\/www.lpi.usra.edu\/education\/explore\/marvelMoon\/background\/moon-formation\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.lpi.usra.edu\/education\/explore\/marvelMoon\/background\/moon-formation\/<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"The Solar System may look peaceful now, but it wasn\u2019t always this way. Around 4.6 billion years ago,&hellip;\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":2972,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[14],"tags":[196],"class_list":{"0":"post-2970","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-space","8":"tag-moon","9":"cs-entry","10":"cs-video-wrap"},"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2970","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2970"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2970\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2973,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2970\/revisions\/2973"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2972"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2970"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2970"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2970"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}