{"id":14670,"date":"2025-06-03T22:00:00","date_gmt":"2025-06-03T22:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/?p=14670"},"modified":"2025-05-27T17:31:13","modified_gmt":"2025-05-27T17:31:13","slug":"manu-jumping-physics-water-splash-fluid-dynamics-june-2025","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/manu-jumping-physics-water-splash-fluid-dynamics-june-2025\/","title":{"rendered":"\u2018Manu jumping\u2019: The physics behind making humongous splashes in the\u00a0pool"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n<div class=\"theconversation-article-body\">\n    <figure>\n      <img  decoding=\"async\"  src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABAQMAAAAl21bKAAAAA1BMVEUAAP+KeNJXAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAAApJREFUCNdjYAAAAAIAAeIhvDMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\"  class=\" pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/667738\/original\/file-20250513-56-5yu7zc.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&#038;rect=0%2C495%2C5604%2C3152&#038;q=45&#038;auto=format&#038;w=754&#038;fit=clip\" >\n        <figcaption>\n          Maybe you\u2019ve unknowingly tried to do a manu jump.\n          <span class=\"attribution\"><a class=\"source\" href=\"https:\/\/www.gettyimages.com\/detail\/photo\/boy-jumping-into-the-swimming-pool-royalty-free-image\/2160747738?phrase=jumping%20into%20pool%20v-shape&#038;searchscope=image,film&#038;adppopup=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Isabel Pavia\/Moment via Getty Images<\/a><\/span>\n        <\/figcaption>\n    <\/figure>\n\n  <span><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/pankaj-rohilla-2385758\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pankaj Rohilla<\/a>, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/georgia-institute-of-technology-1310\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Georgia Institute of Technology<\/a><\/em> and <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/daehyun-choi-2385779\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Daehyun Choi<\/a>, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/georgia-institute-of-technology-1310\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Georgia Institute of Technology<\/a><\/em><\/span>\n\n  <p>Whether diving off docks, cannonballing into lakes or leaping off the high board, there\u2019s nothing quite like the joy of jumping into water. <\/p>\n\n<p>Olympic divers turned this natural act into a sophisticated science, with the goal of making a splash <a href=\"https:\/\/www.olympics.com\/en\/olympic-games\/paris-2024\/results\/diving\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">as small as possible<\/a>. But another sport looks for just the opposite: the extreme maximum splash, one as high, wide and loud as possible. <\/p>\n\n<p>Welcome to the world of \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2025\/jan\/24\/popping-a-manu-new-zealands-unique-water-jumping-obsession\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">manu jumping<\/a>.\u201d Although not a familiar term in the United States, manu jumping is beloved throughout New Zealand. The sport originated <a href=\"https:\/\/www.newzealand.com\/us\/maori-culture\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">in the M\u0101ori community<\/a>, where popping a manu is a way of life. There, manu jumpers leap from bridges, wharves and diving platforms to make the giant splashes. <\/p>\n\n<p>The sport is playful yet competitive. At the <a href=\"https:\/\/manuworldchamps.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Z Manu World Champs<\/a>, you win based on the height and width of your splash. The current record: a splash <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/waikato-news\/lifestyle\/northlands-maara-toa-wins-z-manu-world-champs-with-record-splash\/PAC7DGZGRVGSLIY2QBM6VJY4CY\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">more than 32 feet high<\/a> (10 meters).<\/p>\n\n<p>The concept sounds simple, but like Olympic diving, it turns out there\u2019s a science to manu jumping. <\/p>\n\n<figure>\n            <iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"440\" height=\"260\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/OvlZ7z8WHKg?wmode=transparent&amp;start=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"\"><\/iframe>\n            <figcaption><span class=\"caption\">In New Zealand, manu jumping is an obsession.<\/span><\/figcaption>\n          <\/figure>\n\n<h2 id=\"the-worthington-splash\">The Worthington splash<\/h2>\n\n<p>As <a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.co.in\/citations?user=rTeuJmkAAAAJ&amp;hl=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fluid dynamicists<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.co.kr\/citations?user=y0Nz1IwAAAAJ&amp;hl=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">we study<\/a> the way living organisms <a href=\"https:\/\/bhamla.gatech.edu\/projects\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">interact with fluids<\/a> \u2013 for instance, how flamingos feed <a href=\"https:\/\/bhamla.gatech.edu\/project-blog\/flamingofeedingflows\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">with their heads underwater<\/a>, \nor how insects <a href=\"https:\/\/bhamla.gatech.edu\/project-blog\/microvelia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">walk on water<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n<p>So when we stumbled upon viral videos of manu jumping on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/discover\/manu-jump\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TikTok<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=OvlZ7z8WHKg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">YouTube<\/a>, our curiosity was triggered. We <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsfs.2024.0056\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">launched a scientific investigation<\/a> into the art of making a splash.  <\/p>\n\n<p>Our research was more than just fun and games. Optimizing how bodies enter fluids \u2013 whether those bodies are human, animal or mechanical \u2013 is an indispensable branch of science. Understanding the physics of water entry has implications for <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/jfm.2023.120\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">naval engineering<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.abo5888\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">biomechanics<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsif.2019.0014\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">robotics<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n<p>We discovered that creating the perfect manu splash isn\u2019t just about jumping into the water. Instead, it\u2019s about mastering aerial maneuvers, timing underwater movements and knowing exactly how to hit the surface. <\/p>\n\n<p>The microsecond the manu jumper hits the water is critical. Two splashes actually occur: The first, the <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-fluid-011212-140753\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">crown splash<\/a>, forms as the body breaks the surface. The next, the <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-fluid-011212-140753\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Worthington splash<\/a>, is responsible for the powerful burst of water that shoots high into the air. Manu jumping is all about triggering and maximizing the Worthington splash. <\/p>\n\n<p>So we analyzed 75 YouTube videos of manu jumps. First, we noticed the technique: Jumpers land glutes first, with legs and torso scrunched up in a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=nI0uafp70lc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">V-shaped posture<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n<p>But the moment they go underwater, the divers roll back and kick out to straighten their bodies. This expands the air cavity, the space of air created in the water by the jump; then the cavity collapses, detaching itself from the body. This period of detachment is known as \u201cpinch-off time\u201d \u2013 when the collapse sends a jet of water shooting upward. All of this happens within a fraction of a second. <\/p>\n\n<figure>\n            <iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"440\" height=\"260\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/u_pGKZcEL-g?wmode=transparent&amp;start=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"\"><\/iframe>\n            <figcaption><span class=\"caption\">The science behind making a big splash.<\/span><\/figcaption>\n          <\/figure>\n\n<h2 id=\"answers-from-manubot\">Answers from Manubot<\/h2>\n\n<p>We found that jumpers entered the water at a median V-angle of about 46 degrees. Intrigued, we recreated these movements in a lab aquarium, using 3D-printed, V-shaped projectiles to test different V-angles. <\/p>\n\n<p>The result? A 45-degree angle produced the fastest, tallest splashes, virtually matching what we observed in the human jumpers. V-angles greater than 45 degrees increased the risk of injury from landing flat on the back. We found it interesting that the jumpers very nearly hit the optimal angle largely through what appeared to be intuition and trial and error. <\/p>\n\n<figure>\n            <iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"440\" height=\"260\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/YrizpB-vZIQ?wmode=transparent&amp;start=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"\"><\/iframe>\n            <figcaption><span class=\"caption\">Note how the splash of the V-shaped projectiles was highest at 45 degrees.<\/span><\/figcaption>\n          <\/figure>\n\n<p>Digging deeper, we then built Manubot, a robot that mimics human body movements during manu jumps. It\u2019s able to switch from a V-shape to a straight posture underwater. This is how we learned the optimal timing to maximize splash size. <\/p>\n\n<p>For instance, for someone who\u2019s 5-foot-7 and jumping from 1 meter, opening their body within 0.26 to 0.3 seconds of hitting the water resulted in the biggest splash. Open too soon or too late, and splash size is compromised. <\/p>\n\n<figure>\n            <iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"440\" height=\"260\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/z8NflIB_0f4?wmode=transparent&amp;start=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"\"><\/iframe>\n            <figcaption><span class=\"caption\">Here\u2019s how the Manubot worked.<\/span><\/figcaption>\n          <\/figure>\n\n<p>One caveat: Humans are far more complex than any 3D-printed projectile or a Manubot. Factors such as weight distribution, flexibility and anatomical shape add nuance that our models can\u2019t yet replicate. <\/p>\n\n<p>For now, though, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsfs.2024.0056\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">our findings<\/a> highlight a simple truth: Creating the perfect manu splash isn\u2019t the result of luck. Instead, it relies on a carefully tuned symphony of aerial and underwater maneuvers. So the next time you see someone spray everyone in the pool with a gigantic jump, remember \u2013 there\u2019s a beautiful science behind the splash.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img  loading=\"lazy\"  decoding=\"async\"  src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABAQMAAAAl21bKAAAAA1BMVEUAAP+KeNJXAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAAApJREFUCNdjYAAAAAIAAeIhvDMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\"  alt=\"The Conversation\"  width=\"1\"  height=\"1\"  style=\"border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important\"  referrerpolicy=\"no-referrer-when-downgrade\"  class=\" pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/255837\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" ><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https:\/\/theconversation.com\/republishing-guidelines --><\/p>\n\n  <p><span><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/pankaj-rohilla-2385758\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pankaj Rohilla<\/a>, Postdoctoral Fellow in Fluid Dynamics, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/georgia-institute-of-technology-1310\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Georgia Institute of Technology<\/a><\/em> and <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/daehyun-choi-2385779\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Daehyun Choi<\/a>, Postdoctoral Fellow, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/georgia-institute-of-technology-1310\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Georgia Institute of Technology<\/a><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n\n  <p>This article is republished from <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/manu-jumping-the-physics-behind-making-humongous-splashes-in-the-pool-255837\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">original article<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Maybe you\u2019ve unknowingly tried to do a manu jump. Isabel Pavia\/Moment via Getty Images Pankaj Rohilla, Georgia Institute&hellip;\n","protected":false},"author":1221,"featured_media":14672,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","fifu_image_url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/fb\/Splashing_water_in_a_pool_outdoors_%2849395001086%29.jpg","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[17],"tags":[11267,11265,11251,11262,11275,11258,11268,779,11256,11247,11252,11271,11253,11248,11269,11250,11259,11264,11255,11260,11263,11254,11270,11274,11257,11266,11261,11249,11272,11273,11246],"class_list":{"0":"post-14670","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-math-and-the-sciences","8":"tag-aerial-maneuvers","9":"tag-aquatic-physics","10":"tag-biomechanics-of-jumping","11":"tag-bridge-jumping","12":"tag-crown-splash","13":"tag-diving-splash","14":"tag-extreme-splash","15":"tag-fluid-dynamics","16":"tag-fluid-interaction","17":"tag-manu-jumping","18":"tag-manubot-robot","19":"tag-maori-sport","20":"tag-naval-engineering","21":"tag-new-zealand-sports","22":"tag-olympic-diving","23":"tag-pinch-off-time","24":"tag-splash-competition","25":"tag-splash-height-record","26":"tag-splash-impact","27":"tag-splash-optimization","28":"tag-splash-science","29":"tag-splash-timing","30":"tag-tiktok-manu-jumping","31":"tag-underwater-movements","32":"tag-v-shaped-posture","33":"tag-viral-water-jumps","34":"tag-water-entry-angles","35":"tag-water-entry-physics","36":"tag-water-jumping","37":"tag-water-sports-science","38":"tag-worthington-splash","39":"cs-entry","40":"cs-video-wrap"},"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14670","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1221"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14670"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14670\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14671,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14670\/revisions\/14671"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/14672"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14670"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=14670"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=14670"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}