{"id":13316,"date":"2025-01-06T22:00:00","date_gmt":"2025-01-06T22:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/?p=13316"},"modified":"2024-12-16T07:14:49","modified_gmt":"2024-12-16T07:14:49","slug":"nasa-crew-capsule-heat-shield-issues-artemis-i-expert-analysis-january-2025","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/nasa-crew-capsule-heat-shield-issues-artemis-i-expert-analysis-january-2025\/","title":{"rendered":"NASA\u2019s crew capsule had heat shield issues during Artemis I \u2212 an aerospace expert on these critical spacecraft components"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"theconversation-article-body\">\n\n  <span><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/marcos-fernandez-tous-1542422\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Marcos Fernandez Tous<\/a>, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/university-of-north-dakota-1722\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">University of North Dakota<\/a><\/em><\/span>\n\n  <p>Off the coast of Baja California in December 2022, sun sparkled over the rippling sea as waves sloshed around the USS Portland dock ship. Navy officials on the deck scrutinized the sky in search of a sign. The glow appeared suddenly. <\/p>\n\n<p>A tiny spot at first, it gradually grew to a round circle falling at a great speed from the fringes of space. It was NASA\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/humans-in-space\/orion-spacecraft\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Orion capsule<\/a>, which would soon end the 25-day <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission\/artemis-i\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Artemis I mission<\/a> around and beyond the Moon with a <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/the-science-behind-splashdown-an-aerospace-engineer-explains-how-nasa-and-spacex-get-spacecraft-safely-back-on-earth-232786\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fiery splashdown<\/a> into the ocean. <\/p>\n\n<p>Orion\u2019s reentry followed a sharply angled trajectory, during which the capsule fell at an incredible speed before deploying three red and white parachutes. As the mission finished its trip of over 270,000 miles (435,000 kilometers), it looked to those on the deck of the USS Portland like the capsule had made it home in a single piece.<\/p>\n\n<p>As the recovery crew lifted Orion to the carrier\u2019s deck, shock waves ruffled across the capsule\u2019s surface. That\u2019s when crew members started to spot big cracks on Orion\u2019s lower surface, where the capsule\u2019s exterior bonds to its heat shield. <\/p>\n\n<figure>\n            <iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"440\" height=\"260\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/_N06pjuFWqk?wmode=transparent&amp;start=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"\"><\/iframe>\n            <figcaption><span class=\"caption\">The Orion spacecraft splashed down in December 2022, marking the end of the Artemis I mission.<\/span><\/figcaption>\n          <\/figure>\n\n<p>But why wouldn\u2019t a shield that has endured temperatures of about 5,000 degrees Fahrenheit (2,760 degrees Celsius) sustain damage? Seems only natural, right?<\/p>\n\n<p>This mission, <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/nasas-artemis-1-mission-to-the-moon-sets-the-stage-for-routine-space-exploration-beyond-earths-orbit-heres-what-to-expect-and-why-its-important-189447\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Artemis I<\/a>, was uncrewed. But NASA\u2019s ultimate objective is to send humans to the Moon in 2026. So, NASA needed to make sure that any damage to the capsule\u2013 even its heat shield, which is meant to take some damage \u2013 wouldn\u2019t risk the lives of a future crew.<\/p>\n\n<p>On Dec. 11, 2022 \u2013 the time of the Artemis I reentry \u2013 this shield took severe damage, which delayed the next two Artemis missions. While engineers are now working to prevent the same issues from happening again, the new launch date targets April 2026, and it is coming up fast.<\/p>\n\n<p>As a <a href=\"https:\/\/campus.und.edu\/directory\/marcos.fernandeztous\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">professor of aerospace technology<\/a>, I enjoy researching how objects interact with the atmosphere. Artemis I offers one particularly interesting case \u2013 and an argument for why having a functional heat shield is critical to a space exploration mission.<\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"align-center zoomable\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/637300\/original\/file-20241209-15-6eoy2l.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img  decoding=\"async\"  alt=\"A conical spacecraft with the NASA worm logo in space, with Earth and the Moon shown in the background.\"  src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABAQMAAAAl21bKAAAAA1BMVEUAAP+KeNJXAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAAApJREFUCNdjYAAAAAIAAeIhvDMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\"  class=\" pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-ls-sizes=\"(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/637300\/original\/file-20241209-15-6eoy2l.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\"  data-pk-srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/637300\/original\/file-20241209-15-6eoy2l.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=339&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/637300\/original\/file-20241209-15-6eoy2l.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=339&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/637300\/original\/file-20241209-15-6eoy2l.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=339&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/637300\/original\/file-20241209-15-6eoy2l.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=425&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/637300\/original\/file-20241209-15-6eoy2l.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=425&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/637300\/original\/file-20241209-15-6eoy2l.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=425&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\" ><\/a>\n            <figcaption>\n              <span class=\"caption\">NASA\u2019s Orion spacecraft had a view of both Earth and the Moon during the Artemis I mission.<\/span>\n              <span class=\"attribution\"><a class=\"source\" href=\"https:\/\/newsroom.ap.org\/detail\/NASAMoonRocket\/27c86e6e33a242e08800ed7ebe881356\/photo?Query=orion%20spacecraft&amp;mediaType=photo&amp;sortBy=&amp;dateRange=Anytime&amp;totalCount=303&amp;currentItemNo=25\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA via AP<\/a><\/span>\n            <\/figcaption>\n          <\/figure>\n\n<h2 id=\"taking-the-heat\">Taking the heat<\/h2>\n\n<p>To understand what exactly happened to Orion, let\u2019s rewind the story. As the capsule reentered Earth\u2019s atmosphere, it started <a href=\"https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/quora\/2017\/02\/03\/why-is-it-so-difficult-for-a-returning-spacecraft-to-re-enter-our-atmosphere\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">skimming its higher layers<\/a>, which acts a bit like a trampoline and absorbs part of the approaching spacecraft\u2019s kinetic energy. This maneuver was carefully designed to gradually decrease Orion\u2019s velocity and reduce the heat stress on the inner layers of the shield.  <\/p>\n\n<p>After the first dive, Orion bounced back into space in a calculated maneuver, losing some of its energy before diving again. This second dive would take it to lower layers with denser air as it neared the ocean, decreasing its velocity even more. <\/p>\n\n<p>While falling, the drag from the force of the air particles against the capsule helped reduced its velocity from about 27,000 miles per hour (43,000 kilometers per hour) down to about 20 mph (32 kph). But this slowdown came at a cost \u2013 the friction of the air was so great that temperatures on the bottom surface of the capsule facing the airflow reached 5,000 degrees Fahrenheit (2,760 degrees Celsius). <\/p>\n\n<p>At these scorching temperatures, the air molecules started splitting and a <a href=\"https:\/\/scied.ucar.edu\/learning-zone\/sun-space-weather\/plasma\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hot blend of charged particles<\/a>, called plasma, formed. This plasma radiated energy, which you could see as red and yellow inflamed air surrounding the front of the vehicle, wrapping around it backward in the shape of a candle.<\/p>\n\n<p>No material on Earth can stand this hellish environment without being seriously damaged. So, the engineers behind these capsules designed a layer of material called a heat shield to be sacrificed through melting and evaporation, thus saving the compartment that would eventually house astronauts. <\/p>\n\n<p>By protecting anyone who might one day be inside the capsule, the heat shield is a critical component. <\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"align-center zoomable\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/637293\/original\/file-20241209-17-7abzhx.png?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img  decoding=\"async\"  alt=\"A large round shield covered in small tiles sitting in a laboratory.\"  src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABAQMAAAAl21bKAAAAA1BMVEUAAP+KeNJXAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAAApJREFUCNdjYAAAAAIAAeIhvDMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\"  class=\" pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-ls-sizes=\"(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/637293\/original\/file-20241209-17-7abzhx.png?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\"  data-pk-srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/637293\/original\/file-20241209-17-7abzhx.png?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=400&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/637293\/original\/file-20241209-17-7abzhx.png?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=400&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/637293\/original\/file-20241209-17-7abzhx.png?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=400&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/637293\/original\/file-20241209-17-7abzhx.png?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=503&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/637293\/original\/file-20241209-17-7abzhx.png?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=503&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/637293\/original\/file-20241209-17-7abzhx.png?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=503&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\" ><\/a>\n            <figcaption>\n              <span class=\"caption\">The Orion heat shield is covered in tiles made of a material that will burn up when exposed to extreme heat.<\/span>\n              <span class=\"attribution\"><a class=\"source\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/ksc-20200702-ph-ilw01_0039.jpeg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA\/Isaac Watson<\/a><\/span>\n            <\/figcaption>\n          <\/figure>\n\n<p>In the form of a shell, it is this shield that encapsulates the wide end of the spacecraft, facing the incoming airflow \u2013 the hottest part of the vehicle. It is made of a material that is designed to evaporate and absorb the energy produced by the friction of the air against the vehicle. <\/p>\n\n<h2 id=\"the-case-of-orion\">The case of Orion<\/h2>\n\n<p>But what really happened with Orion\u2019s heat shield during that 2022 descent?<\/p>\n\n<p>In the case of Orion, the heat shield material is a composite of a <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Novolak\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">resin called Novolac<\/a> \u2013 a relative to the Bakelite which some firearms are made of \u2013 absorbed in a honeycomb structure of fiberglass threads.<\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"align-center zoomable\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/637278\/original\/file-20241209-17-w26kdz.png?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img  decoding=\"async\"  alt=\"A molecule made up of atoms arranged in linked hexagons.\"  src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABAQMAAAAl21bKAAAAA1BMVEUAAP+KeNJXAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAAApJREFUCNdjYAAAAAIAAeIhvDMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\"  class=\" pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-ls-sizes=\"(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/637278\/original\/file-20241209-17-w26kdz.png?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\"  data-pk-srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/637278\/original\/file-20241209-17-w26kdz.png?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=255&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/637278\/original\/file-20241209-17-w26kdz.png?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=255&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/637278\/original\/file-20241209-17-w26kdz.png?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=255&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/637278\/original\/file-20241209-17-w26kdz.png?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=321&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/637278\/original\/file-20241209-17-w26kdz.png?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=321&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/637278\/original\/file-20241209-17-w26kdz.png?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=321&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\" ><\/a>\n            <figcaption>\n              <span class=\"caption\">Novolac, the material that makes up Orion\u2019s heat shield, is made up of atoms arranged in linked hexagons.<\/span>\n              <span class=\"attribution\"><a class=\"source\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Novolak#\/media\/File:NovolakCresol.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Smokefoot\/Wikimedia Commons<\/a>, <a class=\"license\" href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY-SA<\/a><\/span>\n            <\/figcaption>\n          <\/figure>\n\n<p>As the surface is exposed to the heat and airflow, the resin melts and recedes, exposing the fiberglass. The fiberglass reacts with the surrounding hot air, producing a black structure called char. This char then acts as a second heat barrier. <\/p>\n\n<p>NASA used the same heat shield design for Orion as the Apollo capsule. But during the Apollo missions, the char structure didn\u2019t break like it did on Orion.<\/p>\n\n<p>After nearly two years spent analyzing samples of the charred material, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/missions\/artemis\/nasa-identifies-cause-of-artemis-i-orion-heat-shield-char-loss\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA concluded that<\/a> the Orion project team had overestimated the heat flow as the craft skimmed the atmosphere upon reentry. <\/p>\n\n<p>As Orion approached the upper layers of the atmosphere, the shield started melting and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/missions\/artemis\/nasa-identifies-cause-of-artemis-i-orion-heat-shield-char-loss\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">produced gases<\/a> that may have escaped through pores in the material. Then, when the capsule gained altitude again, the outer layers of the resin froze, trapping the heat from the first dive inside. This heat vaporized the resin.<\/p>\n\n<p>When the capsule dipped into the atmosphere the second time, the gas expanded before finding a way out as it heated again \u2013 kind of like how a frozen lake <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dnr.state.mn.us\/climate\/summaries_and_publications\/ice_out_description.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">thaws upward from the bottom<\/a> \u2013 and its escape <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/missions\/artemis\/nasa-identifies-cause-of-artemis-i-orion-heat-shield-char-loss\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">produced cracks in the capsule\u2019s surface<\/a> where the char structure got damaged. These were the cracks the recovery crew saw on the capsule after it splashed down.<\/p>\n\n<p>In a Dec. 5, 2024, press conference, NASA officials announced that the Artemis II mission will be designed with a modified reentry trajectory to prevent heat from accumulating. <\/p>\n\n<p>For Artemis III, which is planned to launch in 2027, NASA intends to use new manufacturing methods for the shield, making it more permeable. The outside of the capsule will still get very hot during reentry, and the heat shield will still evaporate. But these new methods will help keep the astronauts cozy in the capsule all the way through splashdown.<\/p>\n\n<p><em><a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/citations?user=FmT3ZewAAAAJ&amp;hl=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chonglin Zhang<\/a>, assistant professor of mechanical engineering at the University of North Dakota, assisted in researching this article.<\/em><!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img  loading=\"lazy\"  decoding=\"async\"  src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABAQMAAAAl21bKAAAAA1BMVEUAAP+KeNJXAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAAApJREFUCNdjYAAAAAIAAeIhvDMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\"  alt=\"The Conversation\"  width=\"1\"  height=\"1\"  style=\"border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important\"  referrerpolicy=\"no-referrer-when-downgrade\"  class=\" pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/245615\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" ><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https:\/\/theconversation.com\/republishing-guidelines --><\/p>\n\n  <p><span><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/marcos-fernandez-tous-1542422\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Marcos Fernandez Tous<\/a>, Assistant Professor of Space Studies, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/university-of-north-dakota-1722\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">University of North Dakota<\/a><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n\n  <p>This article is republished from <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/nasas-crew-capsule-had-heat-shield-issues-during-artemis-i-an-aerospace-expert-on-these-critical-spacecraft-components-245615\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">original article<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<p class=\"\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Marcos Fernandez Tous, University of North Dakota Off the coast of Baja California in December 2022, sun sparkled&hellip;\n","protected":false},"author":870,"featured_media":13318,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","fifu_image_url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/2f\/Thermal_protection_system_inspections_from_ISS_-_Shuttle_nose.jpg","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[15,14],"tags":[3159,3161,3162,3169,3167,3160,3157,3165,3166,3158,3168,3171,3164,3170,3163,474],"class_list":{"0":"post-13316","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-engineering","8":"category-space","9":"tag-aerospace-engineering","10":"tag-artemis-i","11":"tag-artemis-ii-improvements","12":"tag-astronaut-safety","13":"tag-atmospheric-reentry-heat","14":"tag-heat-shield-failure","15":"tag-nasa-artemis-mission","16":"tag-novolac-resin","17":"tag-orion-capsule-analysis","18":"tag-orion-heat-shield","19":"tag-reentry-trajectory","20":"tag-space-capsule-material-science","21":"tag-space-exploration-safety","22":"tag-spacecraft-heat-protection","23":"tag-spacecraft-reentry","24":"tag-the-conversation","25":"cs-entry","26":"cs-video-wrap"},"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13316","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/870"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13316"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13316\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13317,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13316\/revisions\/13317"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/13318"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13316"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13316"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13316"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}