{"id":12561,"date":"2024-09-05T10:00:00","date_gmt":"2024-09-05T10:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/?p=12561"},"modified":"2024-08-23T06:45:05","modified_gmt":"2024-08-23T06:45:05","slug":"space-missions-are-getting-more-complex-lessons-from-amazon-and-fedex-can-inform-satellite-and-spacecraft-management-in-orbit","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/space-missions-are-getting-more-complex-lessons-from-amazon-and-fedex-can-inform-satellite-and-spacecraft-management-in-orbit\/","title":{"rendered":"Space missions are getting more complex &#8211; lessons from Amazon and FedEx can inform satellite and spacecraft management in orbit"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"theconversation-article-body\">\n    <figure>\n      <img  decoding=\"async\"  src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABAQMAAAAl21bKAAAAA1BMVEUAAP+KeNJXAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAAApJREFUCNdjYAAAAAIAAeIhvDMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\"  class=\" pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/614379\/original\/file-20240819-25-97zxu8.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&#038;rect=0%2C0%2C1280%2C720&#038;q=45&#038;auto=format&#038;w=754&#038;fit=clip\" >\n        <figcaption>\n          As companies develop satellite constellations as shown in this illustration, they\u2019ll need to repair satellites in orbit.\n          <span class=\"attribution\"><a class=\"source\" href=\"https:\/\/noirlab.edu\/public\/images\/noirlab2022a\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NOIRLab\/NSF\/AURA\/P. Marenfeld<\/a>, <a class=\"license\" href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nd\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY-ND<\/a><\/span>\n        <\/figcaption>\n    <\/figure>\n\n  <span><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/koki-ho-1536428\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Koki Ho<\/a>, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/georgia-institute-of-technology-1310\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Georgia Institute of Technology<\/a><\/em> and <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/mariel-borowitz-451223\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mariel Borowitz<\/a>, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/georgia-institute-of-technology-1310\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Georgia Institute of Technology<\/a><\/em><\/span>\n\n  <p>Most space mission systems historically have used one spacecraft designed to complete an entire mission independently. Whether it was a weather satellite or a human-crewed module like Apollo, nearly every spacecraft was deployed and performed its one-off mission completely on its own.<\/p>\n\n<p>But today, space industry organizations are exploring missions with many satellites working together. For example, SpaceX\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.starlink.com\/us\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Starlink constellations<\/a> include thousands of satellites. And new spacecraft could soon have the capabilities to link up or engage with other satellites in orbit for repairs or refueling. <\/p>\n\n<p>Some of these spacecraft are already operating and serving customers, such as Northrop Grumman\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/cdn.northropgrumman.com\/-\/media\/wp-content\/uploads\/Mission-Extension-Vehicle-MEV-fact-sheet.pdf?v=1.0.0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mission extension vehicle<\/a>. This orbiting craft has <a href=\"https:\/\/www.intelsat.com\/newsroom\/intelsat-to-extend-life-of-additional-satellites-with-mission-extension-vehicles\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">extended the lives of multiple communications satellites<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<figure>\n            <iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"440\" height=\"260\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/hieqTEaEBQo?wmode=transparent&amp;start=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"\"><\/iframe>\n            <figcaption><span class=\"caption\">Northrup Grumman\u2019s mission extension vehicle is one example of a craft designed to service other satellites and spacecraft while in orbit.<\/span><\/figcaption>\n          <\/figure>\n\n<p>These new design options and in-orbit capabilities make space missions look more like large logistics operations on Earth. <\/p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/citations?user=p8akSRAAAAAJ&amp;hl=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">We\u2019re researchers<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/citations?user=aESo-coAAAAJ&amp;hl=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">who have studied the space industry<\/a> for years. We\u2019ve studied how the space sector <a href=\"https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2306.01107\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">could learn lessons<\/a> from companies like Amazon or FedEx about managing complex fleets and coordinating operations. <\/p>\n\n<h2 id=\"lessons-from-the-ground-transportation-network\">Lessons from the ground transportation network<\/h2>\n\n<p>Space mission designers plan their routes in order to deliver their payloads to the Moon or Mars, or orbit efficiently within a set of cost, timeline and capacity constraints. But when they need to coordinate multiple space vehicles working together, route planning can get complicated.<\/p>\n\n<p>Logistics companies on the ground solve similar problems every day and transport goods and commodities across the globe. So, researchers can study how these companies manage their logistics to help space companies and agencies figure out how to successfully plan their mission operations.<\/p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/strategic.mit.edu\/spacelogistics\/index.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">One NASA-funded study<\/a> in the early 2000s had an idea for simulating space logistics operations. These researchers viewed orbits or planets as cities and the trajectories connecting them as routes. They also viewed the payload, consumables, fuel and other items to transport as commodities. <\/p>\n\n<p>This approach helped them reframe the space mission problem as a commodity flow problem \u2013 a type of question that ground logistics companies work on all the time. <\/p>\n\n<h2 id=\"lessons-from-ground-logistics-infrastructure\">Lessons from ground logistics infrastructure<\/h2>\n\n<p>New <a href=\"https:\/\/spacenews.com\/space-force-plans-deep-dive-study-on-pros-and-cons-of-orbital-refueling\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">capabilities for refueling<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/cosmosmagazine.com\/space\/orbit-space-satellite-repair\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">and repairing spacecraft<\/a> in orbit create new opportunities as well as challenges. <\/p>\n\n<p>Namely, space operators don\u2019t usually know which satellite will be the next one to fail or when that will happen. For these new technologies to be useful, space mission designers would need to come up with an infrastructure system. That could look like a fleet of service vehicles and depots in space that quickly respond to any unpredictable events. <\/p>\n\n<p>Fortunately, space mission designers can learn from operations on the ground. City planners and emergency response organizations think through these types of challenges while determining where to locate hospitals or fire departments. They also consider these facilities\u2019 capacities to respond to unpredictable calls. <\/p>\n\n<p>We can draw an analogy between a ground logistics system design and an in-space servicing system design. This way, researchers can leverage theories developed for ground logistics to improve the space mission design practice. <\/p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2514\/1.A34663\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">One study<\/a> published in November 2020 developed a framework for servicing spacecraft on orbit using what logistics experts call spatial queuing theory. Researchers most commonly use this modeling theory to analyze the performance of a ground logistics system. <\/p>\n\n<h2 id=\"lessons-from-ground-warehouse-management\">Lessons from ground warehouse management<\/h2>\n\n<p>In the past, individual spacecraft carried out their missions independently, so if a satellite failed, its mission engineers had to develop and send a replacement. <\/p>\n\n<p>Now, for missions with multiple satellites, such as the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iridium.com\/network\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Iridium satellite constellation<\/a>, operators often <a href=\"https:\/\/investor.iridium.com\/2023-05-20-Iridium-Adds-to-Constellation-Resilience-with-Launch-of-Spare-Satellites\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">maintain one or more spares on orbit<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<p>This becomes complicated for constellations made up of hundreds or thousands of spacecraft. Mission designers want to ensure they have enough spare satellites in orbit so they don\u2019t have to interrupt the mission if one breaks. But sending too many spare satellites gets expensive.<\/p>\n\n<p>When dealing with these types of large constellations, mission designers can learn from the methods Amazon and other ground companies use to manage their warehouses. Amazon puts these warehouses in specific places and stocks them with certain items to make sure the deliveries are handled efficiently. <\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"align-center zoomable\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/614604\/original\/file-20240820-17-drnof9.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img  decoding=\"async\"  alt=\"An overhead view of a fright yard, with a forklift driving between rows of large containers.\"  src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABAQMAAAAl21bKAAAAA1BMVEUAAP+KeNJXAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAAApJREFUCNdjYAAAAAIAAeIhvDMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\"  class=\" pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-ls-sizes=\"(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/614604\/original\/file-20240820-17-drnof9.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\"  data-pk-srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/614604\/original\/file-20240820-17-drnof9.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=337&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/614604\/original\/file-20240820-17-drnof9.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=337&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/614604\/original\/file-20240820-17-drnof9.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=337&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/614604\/original\/file-20240820-17-drnof9.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=424&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/614604\/original\/file-20240820-17-drnof9.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=424&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/614604\/original\/file-20240820-17-drnof9.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=424&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\" ><\/a>\n            <figcaption>\n              <span class=\"caption\">Supply chain managers on the ground deal with some of the same questions that mission designers in the space industry are starting to tackle, like how to manage their inventory.<\/span>\n              <span class=\"attribution\"><a class=\"source\" href=\"https:\/\/www.gettyimages.com\/detail\/photo\/aerial-view-forklift-handling-container-load-to-royalty-free-image\/1426155977?phrase=freight+transportation&amp;adppopup=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Suriyapong Thongsawang\/Moment via Getty Images<\/a><\/span>\n            <\/figcaption>\n          <\/figure>\n\n<p>Inventory management theories on the ground can help inform how space companies tackle these challenges. <\/p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2514\/1.A34387\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A study<\/a> published in November 2019 developed an approach that space companies could use to manage their spare strategies. This approach can help them decide where in orbit to allocate their spare satellites to meet their needs while minimizing any service interruptions.<\/p>\n\n<h2 id=\"international-dimensions\">International dimensions<\/h2>\n\n<p>Spacecraft operate in a complex and rapidly changing environment. Operators need to know where other missions are operating and what rules they should follow when refueling or repairing in space. In space, however, nobody has defined these rules yet.<\/p>\n\n<p>Ships, aircraft and ground vehicles all have clear <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dco.uscg.mil\/NavRules\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rules of the road<\/a> to follow when interacting with other vehicles. For example, civilian ships and aircraft have to share their location with other vehicles and officials to help manage traffic.<\/p>\n\n<p>Some researchers are examining what similar rules could look like for space. <a href=\"https:\/\/amostech.com\/TechnicalPapers\/2021\/Conjunction-RPO\/Borowitz.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">One study examined<\/a> how developing rules based on a spacecraft\u2019s size, age or other attributes might help future space operations run more smoothly. For example, one rule might be that the spacecraft that launched most recently should take responsibility for maneuvering when there\u2019s another craft in its path.<\/p>\n\n<p>With more satellites and spacecraft launching now than ever, companies and government agencies will need new technologies and policies to coordinate them. As space activity becomes more complex, researchers can continue to apply what they\u2019ve learned on the ground to new missions in space.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img  loading=\"lazy\"  decoding=\"async\"  src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABAQMAAAAl21bKAAAAA1BMVEUAAP+KeNJXAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAAApJREFUCNdjYAAAAAIAAeIhvDMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\"  alt=\"The Conversation\"  width=\"1\"  height=\"1\"  style=\"border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important\"  referrerpolicy=\"no-referrer-when-downgrade\"  class=\" pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/235377\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" ><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https:\/\/theconversation.com\/republishing-guidelines --><\/p>\n\n  <p><span><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/koki-ho-1536428\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Koki Ho<\/a>, Associate Professor of Aerospace Engineering, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/georgia-institute-of-technology-1310\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Georgia Institute of Technology<\/a><\/em> and <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/mariel-borowitz-451223\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mariel Borowitz<\/a>, Associate Professor of International Affairs, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/georgia-institute-of-technology-1310\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Georgia Institute of Technology<\/a><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n\n  <p>This article is republished from <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/space-missions-are-getting-more-complex-lessons-from-amazon-and-fedex-can-inform-satellite-and-spacecraft-management-in-orbit-235377\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">original article<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"As companies develop satellite constellations as shown in this illustration, they\u2019ll need to repair satellites in orbit. NOIRLab\/NSF\/AURA\/P.&hellip;\n","protected":false},"author":928,"featured_media":12563,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","fifu_image_url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/0e\/CRS-9_mission_%2828348649546%29.jpg","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[14],"tags":[44,1613,1113,474],"class_list":{"0":"post-12561","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-space","8":"tag-nasa","9":"tag-space-mission","10":"tag-space-travel","11":"tag-the-conversation","12":"cs-entry","13":"cs-video-wrap"},"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12561","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/928"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12561"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12561\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12564,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12561\/revisions\/12564"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/12563"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12561"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12561"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12561"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}