{"id":12097,"date":"2024-06-28T10:00:00","date_gmt":"2024-06-28T10:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/?p=12097"},"modified":"2024-06-14T04:44:01","modified_gmt":"2024-06-14T04:44:01","slug":"100-million-year-old-fossil-find-reveals-huge-flying-reptile-that-patrolled-australias-inland-sea","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/100-million-year-old-fossil-find-reveals-huge-flying-reptile-that-patrolled-australias-inland-sea\/","title":{"rendered":"100-million-year-old fossil find reveals huge flying reptile that patrolled Australia\u2019s inland sea"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"theconversation-article-body\">\n    <figure>\n      <img  decoding=\"async\"  src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABAQMAAAAl21bKAAAAA1BMVEUAAP+KeNJXAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAAApJREFUCNdjYAAAAAIAAeIhvDMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\"  class=\" pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/599771\/original\/file-20240611-21-n56dxw.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&#038;rect=4%2C2%2C1469%2C910&#038;q=45&#038;auto=format&#038;w=754&#038;fit=clip\" >\n        <figcaption>\n          \n          <span class=\"attribution\"><span class=\"source\">Gabriel Ugueto<\/span><\/span>\n        <\/figcaption>\n    <\/figure>\n\n  <span><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/adele-pentland-849178\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Adele Pentland<\/a>, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/curtin-university-873\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Curtin University<\/a><\/em><\/span>\n\n  <p>One hundred million years ago, during the Cretaceous period, much of northeastern Australia was underwater. The inland Eromanga Sea was home to a myriad of marine creatures, from turtles and dolphin-like ichthyosaurs to the bus-sized predator <em>Kronosaurus queenslandicus<\/em> and other plesiosaurs.<\/p>\n\n<p>The forested outskirts of the sea were home to dinosaurs and the skies above were filled with birds. But all of them would have been shaded by the largest flying creatures of the age \u2013 the pterosaurs.<\/p>\n\n<p>In November 2021, an avocado farmer turned <a href=\"https:\/\/www.kronosauruskorner.com.au\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">museum curator<\/a> named Kevin Petersen discovered a fossilised skeleton near Richmond in Queensland. The previously unknown species turned out to be the most complete pterosaur fossil found in Australia. It comprises around 22% of the skeleton of an animal with a wingspan of some 4.6 metres.<\/p>\n\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"kZ3sY\" class=\"tc-infographic-datawrapper\" src=\"https:\/\/datawrapper.dwcdn.net\/kZ3sY\/2\/\" height=\"400px\" width=\"100%\" style=\"border: none\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n\n<p>My colleagues and I have now described the fossil in the journal <a href=\"http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-60889-8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Scientific Reports<\/a>. It represents a new species of pterosaur, and we\u2019ve named it <em>Haliskia peterseni<\/em>, meaning Petersen\u2019s sea phantom.<\/p>\n\n<h2 id=\"pterosaur-fossils-are-rare\">Pterosaur fossils are rare<\/h2>\n\n<p>Pterosaur fossils have been found on every continent. However, they are far less common than fossils of dinosaurs or ancient marine reptiles. <\/p>\n\n<p>Pterosaurs had hollow, thin-walled bones. This was a great evolutionary adaptation for life in the air, but the lightweight skeletons are not easily fossilised.<\/p>\n\n<p>Few complete pterosaur skeletons are known worldwide, and most come from a handful of sites with unusually excellent conditions for fossil preservation. When pterosaur bones have been found at other sites, they are often crushed and distorted. <\/p>\n\n<p>As a result, many pterosaur fossils are the only one of their kind. This includes the <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/these-magnificent-107-million-year-old-pterosaur-bones-are-the-oldest-ever-found-in-australia-206501\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">oldest flying reptile fossils<\/a> ever found in Australia.<\/p>\n\n<h2 id=\"what-the-skeleton-tells-us-about-how-haliskia-lived\">What the skeleton tells us about how <em>Haliskia<\/em> lived<\/h2>\n\n<p>The newly described fossil is only the second partial pterosaur skeleton ever found in Australia. It preserves twice as many bones as <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/4-metre-flying-reptile-unearthed-in-queensland-is-our-best-pterosaur-fossil-yet-124581\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ferrodraco lentoni<\/a><\/em>.<\/p>\n\n<p><em>Haliskia<\/em> preserves a complete lower jaw, the tip of the upper jaw, 43 teeth, vertebrae, ribs, bones from both wings, and a partial leg. Also preserved are delicate, spaghetti-thin hyoid bones which would have helped support a strong muscular tongue. <\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"align-center zoomable\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/600023\/original\/file-20240612-19-mmba6p.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img  decoding=\"async\"  alt=\"Photo of a woman inspecting a slab of rock in a laboratory.\"  src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABAQMAAAAl21bKAAAAA1BMVEUAAP+KeNJXAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAAApJREFUCNdjYAAAAAIAAeIhvDMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\"  class=\" pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-ls-sizes=\"(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/600023\/original\/file-20240612-19-mmba6p.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\"  data-pk-srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/600023\/original\/file-20240612-19-mmba6p.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=601&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/600023\/original\/file-20240612-19-mmba6p.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=601&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/600023\/original\/file-20240612-19-mmba6p.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=601&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/600023\/original\/file-20240612-19-mmba6p.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=755&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/600023\/original\/file-20240612-19-mmba6p.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=755&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/600023\/original\/file-20240612-19-mmba6p.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=755&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\" ><\/a>\n            <figcaption>\n              <span class=\"caption\">The author, Adele Pentland, studying <em>Haliskia peterseni<\/em>.<\/span>\n              <span class=\"attribution\"><span class=\"source\">Adele Pentland<\/span><\/span>\n            <\/figcaption>\n          <\/figure>\n\n<p>We can tell <em>Haliskia<\/em> was fully grown when it died because its shoulder bones, and others in the skeleton, have fused. <\/p>\n\n<p>Almost all pterosaur fossils described from Australia (including <em>Haliskia<\/em>\u2019s contemporaries <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0195667118302775\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mythunga camara<\/a><\/em>, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/08912963.2019.1690482\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Aussiedraco molnari<\/a><\/em>  and <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/02724634.2021.1946068\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Thapunngaka shawi<\/a><\/em>) have been placed in the same family. These species, collectively known as Anhangueria, have long been viewed as fish-eaters. <\/p>\n\n<p>Although fish fossils are often found in rocks laid down in the Eromanga Sea, squid-like cephalopods called belemnites are even more common. Based on <em>Haliskia<\/em>\u2018s long hyoid bones and conical, interlocking teeth, it would have eaten a diet of fish and squid.<\/p>\n\n<h2 id=\"a-labour-of-love\">A labour of love<\/h2>\n\n<p>The <em>Haliskia<\/em> specimen was prepared by fossil enthusiast Kevin Petersen using a combination of pneumatic tools, the paleontological equivalent to a dentist\u2019s drill, and a hand-wielded metal pin. The pterosaur bones are flattened, and although one surface has been exposed, they remain encased in rock to provide stability and support to the fossil. <\/p>\n\n<p>Kevin spent many hours preparing the pterosaur fossil. However, when we asked if he would like to join the team of researchers studying this specimen, he politely declined, stating he was happy to simply be acknowledged for his efforts. <\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"align-center zoomable\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/600021\/original\/file-20240612-20-hed9iq.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img  decoding=\"async\"  alt=\"Photo of a man lying prone digging in dirt\"  src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABAQMAAAAl21bKAAAAA1BMVEUAAP+KeNJXAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAAApJREFUCNdjYAAAAAIAAeIhvDMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\"  class=\" pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-ls-sizes=\"(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/600021\/original\/file-20240612-20-hed9iq.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\"  data-pk-srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/600021\/original\/file-20240612-20-hed9iq.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=337&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/600021\/original\/file-20240612-20-hed9iq.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=337&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/600021\/original\/file-20240612-20-hed9iq.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=337&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/600021\/original\/file-20240612-20-hed9iq.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=423&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/600021\/original\/file-20240612-20-hed9iq.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=423&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/600021\/original\/file-20240612-20-hed9iq.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=423&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\" ><\/a>\n            <figcaption>\n              <span class=\"caption\"><em>Haliskia peterseni<\/em> finder Kevin Petersen digging for fossils.<\/span>\n              <span class=\"attribution\"><span class=\"source\">Krokosaurus Korner<\/span><\/span>\n            <\/figcaption>\n          <\/figure>\n\n<p>Without Kevin, this specimen wouldn\u2019t be on public display or known to science. It seemed only fitting that this new species <em>Haliskia peterseni<\/em> be named in honour of its discoverer. <\/p>\n\n<h2 id=\"more-fossils-to-be-found\">More fossils to be found<\/h2>\n\n<p>This was not the first pterosaur fossil Kevin had found. He  uncovered his first flying reptile fossil a few years earlier, when he visited Richmond in Queensland as a tourist. <\/p>\n\n<p>Since the discovery of the <em>Haliskia<\/em> specimen in 2021, even more pterosaur fossils have been found at the public dig pits outside Richmond.<\/p>\n\n<p>Kevin is proof you do not need a degree to make significant contributions to science and the field of palaeontology. It takes dedication and determination \u2013 and it helps to be in the right spot at the right time.<\/p>\n\n<p>It requires some imagination to visualise pterosaurs at sea, hunting fish and squid-like creatures alongside massive marine reptiles millions of years ago, in what is now the dry Australian outback. But the process is made easier with the fossils in front of you. <\/p>\n\n<p><em>Haliskia<\/em> provides a tantalising glimpse into an ancient ecosystem, and provides hope we might find more complete skeletons of these winged reptiles.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img  loading=\"lazy\"  decoding=\"async\"  src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABAQMAAAAl21bKAAAAA1BMVEUAAP+KeNJXAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAAApJREFUCNdjYAAAAAIAAeIhvDMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\"  alt=\"The Conversation\"  width=\"1\"  height=\"1\"  style=\"border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important\"  referrerpolicy=\"no-referrer-when-downgrade\"  class=\" pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/231393\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" ><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https:\/\/theconversation.com\/republishing-guidelines --><\/p>\n\n  <p><span><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/adele-pentland-849178\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Adele Pentland<\/a>, PhD candidate, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/curtin-university-873\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Curtin University<\/a><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n\n  <p>This article is republished from <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/100-million-year-old-fossil-find-reveals-huge-flying-reptile-that-patrolled-australias-inland-sea-231393\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">original article<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Gabriel Ugueto Adele Pentland, Curtin University One hundred million years ago, during the Cretaceous period, much of northeastern&hellip;\n","protected":false},"author":860,"featured_media":12099,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","fifu_image_url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/97\/Pterosaur_fossil%2C_Desert_Museum.jpg","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[11],"tags":[25,503,474],"class_list":{"0":"post-12097","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-nature","8":"tag-paleontology","9":"tag-pterosaur","10":"tag-the-conversation","11":"cs-entry","12":"cs-video-wrap"},"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12097","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/860"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12097"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12097\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12098,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12097\/revisions\/12098"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/12099"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12097"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12097"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12097"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}