{"id":11343,"date":"2024-03-04T10:00:00","date_gmt":"2024-03-04T10:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/?p=11343"},"modified":"2024-02-22T10:34:50","modified_gmt":"2024-02-22T10:34:50","slug":"run-out-of-butter-or-eggs-heres-the-science-behind-substitute-ingredients","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/run-out-of-butter-or-eggs-heres-the-science-behind-substitute-ingredients\/","title":{"rendered":"Run out of butter or eggs? Here\u2019s the science behind substitute ingredients"},"content":{"rendered":"\n  <figure>\n    <img  decoding=\"async\"  src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABAQMAAAAl21bKAAAAA1BMVEUAAP+KeNJXAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAAApJREFUCNdjYAAAAAIAAeIhvDMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\"  class=\" pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/575492\/original\/file-20240213-28-yaukh5.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&#038;rect=80%2C35%2C5784%2C3952&#038;q=45&#038;auto=format&#038;w=754&#038;fit=clip\" >\n      <figcaption>\n        \n        <span class=\"attribution\"><a class=\"source\" href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/white-soup-on-brown-ceramic-bowl-wg5kaMtJ3Ts\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Joanna Lopez\/Unsplash<\/a><\/span>\n      <\/figcaption>\n  <\/figure>\n\n<span><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/paulomi-polly-burey-404695\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Paulomi (Polly) Burey<\/a>, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/university-of-southern-queensland-1069\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">University of Southern Queensland<\/a><\/em><\/span>\n\n<p>It\u2019s an all too common situation \u2013 you\u2019re busy cooking or baking to a recipe when you open the cupboard and suddenly realise you are missing an ingredient.<\/p>\n\n<p>Unless you can immediately run to the shops, this can leave you scrambling for a substitute that can perform a similar function. Thankfully, such substitutes can be more successful than you\u2019d expect.<\/p>\n\n<p>There are a few reasons why certain ingredient substitutions work so well. This is usually to do with the chemistry and the physical features having enough similarity to the original ingredient to still do the job appropriately. <\/p>\n\n<p>Let\u2019s delve into some common ingredient substitutions and why they work \u2013 or need to be tweaked.<\/p>\n\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"IitfH\" class=\"tc-infographic-datawrapper\" src=\"https:\/\/datawrapper.dwcdn.net\/IitfH\/1\/\" height=\"400px\" width=\"100%\" style=\"border: none\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n\n<h2 id=\"oils-versus-butter\">Oils versus butter<\/h2>\n\n<p>Both butter and oils belong to a chemical class called <a href=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/Bookshelves\/Introductory_Chemistry\/Map%3A_Fundamentals_of_General_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry_(McMurry_et_al.)\/23%3A_Lipids\/23.01%3A_Structure_and_Classification_of_Lipids\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">lipids<\/a>. It encompasses solid, semi-solid and liquid fats.<\/p>\n\n<p>In a baked product the \u201cjob\u201d of these ingredients is to provide flavour and influence the structure and texture of the finished item. In cake batters, lipids contribute to creating an emulsion structure \u2013 this means combining two liquids that wouldn\u2019t usually mix. In the baking process, this helps to create a light, fluffy crumb.<\/p>\n\n<p>One of the primary differences between butter and oil is that butter is only about 80% lipid (the rest being water), while <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nutritionadvance.com\/types-of-cooking-fats-and-oils\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">oil is almost 100% lipid<\/a>. Oil creates a softer crumb but is still a great fat to bake with.<\/p>\n\n<p>You can use a wide range of oils from different sources, such as olive oil, rice bran, avocado, peanut, coconut, macadamia and many more. Each of these may impart different flavours.<\/p>\n\n<p>Other \u201cbutters\u201d, such as peanut and cashew butter, aren\u2019t strictly butters but pastes. They impart different characteristics and can\u2019t easily replace dairy butter, unless you also add extra oil.<\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"align-center zoomable\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/575161\/original\/file-20240213-30-j0czv9.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img  decoding=\"async\"  alt=\"A block of yellow butter in an open silver foil wrapper\"  src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABAQMAAAAl21bKAAAAA1BMVEUAAP+KeNJXAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAAApJREFUCNdjYAAAAAIAAeIhvDMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\"  class=\" pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-ls-sizes=\"(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/575161\/original\/file-20240213-30-j0czv9.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\"  data-pk-srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/575161\/original\/file-20240213-30-j0czv9.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=390&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/575161\/original\/file-20240213-30-j0czv9.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=390&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/575161\/original\/file-20240213-30-j0czv9.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=390&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/575161\/original\/file-20240213-30-j0czv9.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=491&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/575161\/original\/file-20240213-30-j0czv9.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=491&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/575161\/original\/file-20240213-30-j0czv9.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=491&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\" ><\/a>\n            <figcaption>\n              <span class=\"caption\">Nut \u2018butters\u2019 can\u2019t replace dairy butter because their composition is too different.<\/span>\n              <span class=\"attribution\"><a class=\"source\" href=\"https:\/\/pixabay.com\/photos\/butter-good-butter-fat-nourishment-3411126\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">congerdesign\/Pixabay<\/a><\/span>\n            <\/figcaption>\n          <\/figure>\n\n<h2 id=\"aquafaba-or-flaxseed-versus-eggs\">Aquafaba or flaxseed versus eggs<\/h2>\n\n<p>Aquafaba is the liquid you drain from a can of legumes \u2013 such as chickpeas or lentils. It contains proteins, kind of how egg white also contains proteins.<\/p>\n\n<p>The proteins in egg white include albumins, and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5912395\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">aquafaba also contains albumins<\/a>. This is why it is possible to make meringue from egg whites, or from aquafaba if you\u2019re after a vegan version.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The proteins act as a foam stabiliser \u2013 they hold the light, airy texture in the product. The concentration of protein in egg white is a bit higher, so it doesn\u2019t take long to create a stable foam. Aquafaba requires more whipping to create a meringue-like foam, but it will bake in a similar way. <\/p>\n\n<p>Another albumin-containing alternative for eggs is <a href=\"https:\/\/foodstruct.com\/compare\/seeds-flaxseed-vs-egg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">flaxseed<\/a>. These seeds form a thick gel texture when mixed with a little water. The texture is similar to raw egg and can provide structure and emulsification in baked recipes that call for a small amount of egg white. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"lemon-plus-dairy-versus-buttermilk\">Lemon plus dairy versus buttermilk<\/h2>\n\n<p>Buttermilk is the liquid left over after churning butter \u2013 it can be made from sweet cream, cultured\/sour cream or whey-based cream. Buttermilk mostly <a href=\"https:\/\/www.journalofdairyscience.org\/article\/S0022-0302(06)72115-4\/fulltext\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">contains proteins and fats<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<p>Cultured buttermilk has a somewhat tangy flavour. Slightly soured milk can be a good substitute as it contains similar components and isn\u2019t too different from \u201creal\u201d buttermilk, chemically speaking.<\/p>\n\n<p>One way to achieve slightly soured milk is by adding some lemon juice or cream of tartar to milk. Buttermilk is used in pancakes and baked goods to give extra height or volume. This is because the acidic (sour) components of buttermilk interact with baking soda, producing a light and airy texture. <\/p>\n\n<p>Buttermilk can also influence flavour, imparting a slightly tangy taste to pancakes and baked goods. It can also be used in sauces and dressings if you\u2019re looking for a lightly acidic touch. <\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"align-center zoomable\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/575163\/original\/file-20240213-16-ol6va7.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img  decoding=\"async\"  alt=\"A stack of fluffy pancakes dusted with sugar with a strawberry on top\"  src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABAQMAAAAl21bKAAAAA1BMVEUAAP+KeNJXAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAAApJREFUCNdjYAAAAAIAAeIhvDMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\"  class=\" pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-ls-sizes=\"(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/575163\/original\/file-20240213-16-ol6va7.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\"  data-pk-srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/575163\/original\/file-20240213-16-ol6va7.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=400&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/575163\/original\/file-20240213-16-ol6va7.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=400&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/575163\/original\/file-20240213-16-ol6va7.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=400&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/575163\/original\/file-20240213-16-ol6va7.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=502&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/575163\/original\/file-20240213-16-ol6va7.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=502&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/575163\/original\/file-20240213-16-ol6va7.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=502&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\" ><\/a>\n            <figcaption>\n              <span class=\"caption\">Buttermilk is a common ingredient for making fluffy pancakes.<\/span>\n              <span class=\"attribution\"><a class=\"source\" href=\"https:\/\/pixabay.com\/photos\/pancakes-food-strawberry-plate-2801959\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Matthias_Groeneveld\/Pixabay<\/a><\/span>\n            <\/figcaption>\n          <\/figure>\n\n<h2 id=\"honey-versus-sugar\">Honey versus sugar<\/h2>\n\n<p>Honey is a <a href=\"https:\/\/resources.perkinelmer.com\/lab-solutions\/resources\/docs\/APP_Analysis-of-Sugars-in-Honey-012101_01.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">complex sugar-based syrup<\/a> that includes floral or botanical flavours and aromas. Honey can be used in cooking and baking, adding both flavour and texture (viscosity, softness) to a wide range of products.<\/p>\n\n<p>If you add honey instead of regular sugar in baked goods, keep in mind that honey imparts a softer, moister texture. This is because it contains more moisture and is a humectant (that is, it likes to hold on to water). It is also less crystalline than sugar, unless you leave it to crystallise.<\/p>\n\n<p>The intensity of sweetness can also be different \u2013 some people find honey is sweeter than its granular counterpart, so you will want to adjust your recipes accordingly.<\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"align-center zoomable\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/575164\/original\/file-20240213-26-6c2r7t.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img  decoding=\"async\"  alt=\"Close-up of a slice of bread with golden honey pooling on top\"  src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABAQMAAAAl21bKAAAAA1BMVEUAAP+KeNJXAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAAApJREFUCNdjYAAAAAIAAeIhvDMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\"  class=\" pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-ls-sizes=\"(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/575164\/original\/file-20240213-26-6c2r7t.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\"  data-pk-srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/575164\/original\/file-20240213-26-6c2r7t.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=400&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/575164\/original\/file-20240213-26-6c2r7t.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=400&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/575164\/original\/file-20240213-26-6c2r7t.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=400&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/575164\/original\/file-20240213-26-6c2r7t.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=502&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/575164\/original\/file-20240213-26-6c2r7t.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=502&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/575164\/original\/file-20240213-26-6c2r7t.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=502&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\" ><\/a>\n            <figcaption>\n              <span class=\"caption\">Honey has a complex flavour and can taste sweeter than regular sugar.<\/span>\n              <span class=\"attribution\"><a class=\"source\" href=\"https:\/\/pixabay.com\/photos\/honey-bread-spoon-bio-nature-752145\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">estelheitz\/Pixabay<\/a><\/span>\n            <\/figcaption>\n          <\/figure>\n\n<h2 id=\"gluten-free-versus-regular-flour\">Gluten-free versus regular flour<\/h2>\n\n<p>Sometimes you need to make substitutions to avoid allergens, such as gluten \u2013 the protein found in cereal grains such as wheat, rye, barley and others. <\/p>\n\n<p>Unfortunately, gluten is also the component that gives a nice, stretchy, squishy quality to bread.<\/p>\n\n<p>To build this characteristic in a gluten-free product, it\u2019s necessary to have a mixture of ingredients that work together to mimic this texture. Common ingredients used are corn or rice flour, xanthan gum, which acts as a binder and moisture holder, and tapioca starch, which is a good water absorbent and can aid with binding the dough. <!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img  loading=\"lazy\"  decoding=\"async\"  src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABAQMAAAAl21bKAAAAA1BMVEUAAP+KeNJXAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAAApJREFUCNdjYAAAAAIAAeIhvDMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\"  alt=\"The Conversation\"  width=\"1\"  height=\"1\"  style=\"border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important\"  referrerpolicy=\"no-referrer-when-downgrade\"  class=\" pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/202036\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" ><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https:\/\/theconversation.com\/republishing-guidelines --><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/paulomi-polly-burey-404695\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Paulomi (Polly) Burey<\/a>, Associate Professor (Food Science), <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/university-of-southern-queensland-1069\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">University of Southern Queensland<\/a><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n\n<p>This article is republished from <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/run-out-of-butter-or-eggs-heres-the-science-behind-substitute-ingredients-202036\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">original article<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Joanna Lopez\/Unsplash Paulomi (Polly) Burey, University of Southern Queensland It\u2019s an all too common situation \u2013 you\u2019re busy&hellip;\n","protected":false},"author":738,"featured_media":11376,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[12,17],"tags":[313,536,474],"class_list":{"0":"post-11343","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-health-and-body","8":"category-math-and-the-sciences","9":"tag-chemistry","10":"tag-food","11":"tag-the-conversation","12":"cs-entry","13":"cs-video-wrap"},"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11343","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/738"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11343"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11343\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11344,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11343\/revisions\/11344"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/11376"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11343"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=11343"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11343"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}