{"id":10334,"date":"2023-10-25T22:00:00","date_gmt":"2023-10-25T22:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/?p=10334"},"modified":"2023-10-13T06:38:15","modified_gmt":"2023-10-13T06:38:15","slug":"what-is-a-strong-el-nino-meteorologists-anticipate-a-big-impact-in-winter-2023-but-the-forecasts-dont-all-agree","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/what-is-a-strong-el-nino-meteorologists-anticipate-a-big-impact-in-winter-2023-but-the-forecasts-dont-all-agree\/","title":{"rendered":"What is a strong El Ni\u00f1o? Meteorologists anticipate a big impact in winter 2023, but the forecasts don\u2019t all\u00a0agree"},"content":{"rendered":"\n  <figure>\n    <img  decoding=\"async\"  src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABAQMAAAAl21bKAAAAA1BMVEUAAP+KeNJXAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAAApJREFUCNdjYAAAAAIAAeIhvDMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\"  class=\" pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/553361\/original\/file-20231011-29-363wak.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&#038;rect=32%2C873%2C3211%2C2058&#038;q=45&#038;auto=format&#038;w=754&#038;fit=clip\" >\n      <figcaption>\n        The El Ni\u00f1o pattern stands out in the warm sea surface temperature anomalies in the Pacific in 2023.\n        <span class=\"attribution\"><a class=\"source\" href=\"https:\/\/www.climate.gov\/maps-data\/data-snapshots\/data-source\/sst-enso-region-monthly-difference-average\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NOAA Climate.gov<\/a><\/span>\n      <\/figcaption>\n  <\/figure>\n\n<span><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/aaron-levine-1478447\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Aaron Levine<\/a>, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/university-of-washington-699\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">University of Washington<\/a><\/em><\/span>\n\n<p><em>Winter is still weeks away, but meteorologists are already talking about <a href=\"https:\/\/www.accuweather.com\/en\/winter-weather\/us-winter-forecast-for-the-2023-2024-season\/1583853\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a snowy winter ahead<\/a> in the southern Rockies and the Sierra Nevada. They anticipate <a href=\"https:\/\/www.powder.com\/trending-news\/el-nino-huge-snow-east\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">more storms<\/a> in the U.S. South and Northeast, and warmer, drier conditions across the already dry Pacific Northwest and the upper Midwest.<\/em><\/p>\n\n<p><em>One phrase comes up repeatedly with these projections: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wcpo.com\/weather\/weather-101\/a-strong-el-nino-expected-this-winter-heres-what-that-means-for-our-weather\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a strong El Ni\u00f1o<\/a> is coming.<\/em><\/p>\n\n<p><em>It sounds ominous. But what does that actually mean? We asked <a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/citations?user=z7CXcXkAAAAJ&amp;hl=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Aaron Levine<\/a>, an atmospheric scientist at the University of Washington whose research focuses on El Ni\u00f1o.<\/em><\/p>\n\n<figure>\n            <iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"440\" height=\"260\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/wVlfyhs64IY?wmode=transparent&amp;start=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"\"><\/iframe>\n            <figcaption><span class=\"caption\">NOAA explains in animations how El Ni\u00f1o forms.<\/span><\/figcaption>\n          <\/figure>\n\n<h2 id=\"what-is-a-strong-el-nino\">What is a strong El Ni\u00f1o?<\/h2>\n\n<p>During a normal year, the warmest sea surface temperatures are in the western Pacific and the Indian Ocean, in what\u2019s known as the <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40562-016-0054-3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Indo-Western Pacific warm pool<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<p>But every few years, the trade winds that blow from east to west weaken, allowing that warm water to slosh eastward and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pmel.noaa.gov\/elnino\/schematic-diagrams\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">pile up along the equator<\/a>. The warm water causes the air above it to warm and rise, fueling precipitation in the central Pacific and shifting atmospheric circulation patterns across the basin.<\/p>\n\n<p>This pattern is <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pmel.noaa.gov\/elnino\/what-is-el-nino\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">known as El Ni\u00f1o<\/a>, and it can <a href=\"https:\/\/www.climate.gov\/media\/13628\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">affect weather around the world<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"align-center \">\n            <img  decoding=\"async\"  alt=\"An animation shows how warm water builds up along the equator off South America. The box where temperatures are measured is south of Hawaii.\"  src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABAQMAAAAl21bKAAAAA1BMVEUAAP+KeNJXAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAAApJREFUCNdjYAAAAAIAAeIhvDMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\"  class=\" pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-ls-sizes=\"(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/553048\/original\/file-20231010-23-c36xip.gif?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\"  data-pk-srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/553048\/original\/file-20231010-23-c36xip.gif?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=272&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/553048\/original\/file-20231010-23-c36xip.gif?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=272&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/553048\/original\/file-20231010-23-c36xip.gif?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=272&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/553048\/original\/file-20231010-23-c36xip.gif?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=342&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/553048\/original\/file-20231010-23-c36xip.gif?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=342&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/553048\/original\/file-20231010-23-c36xip.gif?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=342&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\" >\n            <figcaption>\n              <span class=\"caption\">The box shows the Ni\u00f1o 3.4 region as El Ni\u00f1o begins to develop in the tropical Pacific, from January to June 2023.<\/span>\n              <span class=\"attribution\"><a class=\"source\" href=\"https:\/\/www.climate.gov\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NOAA Climate.gov<\/a><\/span>\n            <\/figcaption>\n          <\/figure>\n\n<p>A strong El Ni\u00f1o, in the most basic definition, occurs once the average sea surface temperature in the equatorial Pacific is at least 1.5 degrees Celsius (2.7 Fahrenheit) warmer than normal. It\u2019s measured in an imaginary box along the equator, roughly south of Hawaii, known as the <a href=\"https:\/\/svs.gsfc.nasa.gov\/4695\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nino 3.4 Index<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<p>But El Ni\u00f1o is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon, and the atmosphere also plays a crucial role.<\/p>\n\n<p>What has been surprising about this year\u2019s El Ni\u00f1o \u2013 and still is \u2013 is that the atmosphere hasn\u2019t responded as much as we would have expected based on the rising sea surface temperatures.<\/p>\n\n<h2 id=\"is-that-why-el-nino-didnt-affect-the-2023-hurricane-season-the-way-forecasts-expected\">Is that why El Ni\u00f1o didn\u2019t affect the 2023 hurricane season the way forecasts expected?<\/h2>\n\n<p>The 2023 Atlantic hurricane season is a good example. Forecasters often use El Ni\u00f1o as a predictor of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.weather.gov\/ilx\/swop-springtopics\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wind shear<\/a>, which can tear apart Atlantic hurricanes. But with the atmosphere not responding to the warmer water right away, the impact on Atlantic hurricanes was lessened and it turned out to be a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/article\/tropical-storm-sean-hurricane.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">busy season<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/JCLI-D-12-00097.1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The atmosphere is what transmits El Ni\u00f1o\u2019s impact<\/a>. Heat from the warm ocean water causes the air above it to warm and rise, which fuels precipitation. That air sinks again over cooler water. <\/p>\n\n<p>The rising and sinking creates giant loops in the atmosphere <a href=\"https:\/\/www.climate.gov\/news-features\/blogs\/enso\/walker-circulation-ensos-atmospheric-buddy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">called the Walker Circulation<\/a>. When the warm pool\u2019s water shifts eastward, that also shifts where the rising and sinking motions happen. The atmosphere reacts to this change like ripples in a pond when you throw a stone in. These ripples affect the jet stream, which steers weather patterns in the U.S.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This year, in comparison with other large El Ni\u00f1o events \u2013 such as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.climate.gov\/news-features\/blogs\/enso\/united-states-el-ni%C3%B1o-impacts-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">1982-83, 1997-98<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.climate.gov\/news-features\/understanding-climate\/2015-state-climate-el-ni%C3%B1o-came-saw-and-conquered\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2015-16<\/a> \u2013 we\u2019re not seeing the same change in where the precipitation is happening. It\u2019s taking much longer to develop, and it\u2019s not as strong.<\/p>\n\n<p>Part of that, presumably, is related to the whole tropics being very, very warm. But <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2019GL086182\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">this is still an emerging field of research<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<p>How El Ni\u00f1o will change with global warming is a big and open question. El Ni\u00f1o <a href=\"https:\/\/www.climate.gov\/news-features\/understanding-climate\/climate-variability-oceanic-nino-index\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">only happens every few years<\/a>, and there\u2019s a fair amount of variability between events, so just getting a baseline is tough.<\/p>\n\n<h2 id=\"what-does-a-strong-el-nino-typically-mean-for-us-weather\">What does a strong El Ni\u00f1o typically mean for US weather?<\/h2>\n\n<p>During <a href=\"https:\/\/www.climate.gov\/enso\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a typical El Ni\u00f1o winter<\/a>, the U.S. South and Southwest are cooler and wetter, and the Northwest is warmer and drier. The upper Midwest tends to be drier, while the Northeast tends to be a little wetter. <\/p>\n\n<p>The likelihood and the intensity generally scale with the strength of the El Ni\u00f1o event.<\/p>\n\n<p>El Ni\u00f1o has traditionally been good for the mountain snowpack in California, which the state relies for a large percentage of its water. But it is often not so good for the Pacific Northwest snowpack.<\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"align-center zoomable\">\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/553424\/original\/file-20231012-15-3wfvdw.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img  decoding=\"async\"  alt=\"Two maps showing wetter, cooler weather in the Southeast and drier warmer air in the north during El Nino.\"  src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABAQMAAAAl21bKAAAAA1BMVEUAAP+KeNJXAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAAApJREFUCNdjYAAAAAIAAeIhvDMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\"  class=\" pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-ls-sizes=\"(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/553424\/original\/file-20231012-15-3wfvdw.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\"  data-pk-srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/553424\/original\/file-20231012-15-3wfvdw.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=834&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/553424\/original\/file-20231012-15-3wfvdw.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=834&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/553424\/original\/file-20231012-15-3wfvdw.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=834&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/553424\/original\/file-20231012-15-3wfvdw.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=1047&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/553424\/original\/file-20231012-15-3wfvdw.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=1047&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/553424\/original\/file-20231012-15-3wfvdw.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=1047&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\" ><\/a>\n            <figcaption>\n              <span class=\"caption\">The jet stream takes a very different path in a typical El Ni\u00f1o vs. La Ni\u00f1a winter weather pattern. But these patterns have a great deal of variability. Not every El Ni\u00f1o or La Ni\u00f1a year is the same.<\/span>\n              <span class=\"attribution\"><a class=\"source\" href=\"https:\/\/www.climate.gov\/media\/14484\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NOAA Climate.gov<\/a><\/span>\n            <\/figcaption>\n          <\/figure>\n\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.climate.gov\/news-features\/featured-images\/how-el-ni%C3%B1o-and-la-ni%C3%B1a-affect-winter-jet-stream-and-us-climate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">jet stream plays a role<\/a> in that shift. When the polar jet stream is either displaced very far northward or southward, storms that would normally move through Washington or British Columbia are steered to California and Oregon instead.<\/p>\n\n<h2 id=\"what-do-the-forecasts-show-for-2023\">What do the forecasts show for 2023?<\/h2>\n\n<p>Whether forecasters think a strong El Ni\u00f1o will develop depends on whose forecast model they trust.<\/p>\n\n<p>This past spring, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.weather.gov\/media\/climateservices\/NWS%20Climate%20Forecast%20and%20Tools.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dynamical forecast models<\/a> were <a href=\"https:\/\/iri.columbia.edu\/our-expertise\/climate\/forecasts\/enso\/current\/?enso_tab=enso-sst_table\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">already very confident<\/a> about the potential for a strong El Ni\u00f1o developing. These are big models that solve basic physics equations, starting with current oceanic and atmospheric conditions. <\/p>\n\n<p>However, statistical models, which use statistical predictors of El Ni\u00f1o calculated from historical observations, were less certain.<\/p>\n\n<p>Even in the <a href=\"https:\/\/iri.columbia.edu\/our-expertise\/climate\/forecasts\/enso\/current\/?enso_tab=enso-sst_table\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">most recent forecast model outlook<\/a>, the dynamical forecast models were predicting a stronger El Ni\u00f1o than the statistical models were.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If you go by just a sea surface temperature-based El Ni\u00f1o index, the forecast is for a fairly strong El Ni\u00f1o. <\/p>\n\n<p>But the indices that incorporate the atmosphere are not responding in the same way. We\u2019ve seen <a href=\"https:\/\/psl.noaa.gov\/enso\/enso.current.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">atmospheric anomalies<\/a> \u2013 as measured by cloud height monitored by satellites or sea-level pressure at monitoring stations \u2013 on and off in the Pacific since May and June, <a href=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/553327\/original\/file-20231011-15-kprvx9.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">but not in a very robust fashion<\/a>. Even in September, they were nowhere near as large as they were in 1982, in terms of overall magnitude.<\/p>\n\n<p>We\u2019ll see if the atmosphere catches up by wintertime, when El Ni\u00f1o peaks.<\/p>\n\n<h2 id=\"how-long-do-el-ninos-last\">How long do El Ni\u00f1os last?<\/h2>\n\n<p>Often during El Ni\u00f1o events \u2013 particularly strong El Ni\u00f1o events \u2013 the sea surface temperature anomalies collapse really quickly during the Northern Hemisphere spring. Almost all end in April or May.<\/p>\n\n<p>One reason is that El Ni\u00f1o sows the seeds of its own demise. When El Ni\u00f1o happens, it <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/1520-0469(1997)054%3C0811:AEORPF%3E2.0.CO;2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">uses up that warm water<\/a> and the warm water volume shrinks. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/1520-0442(2000)013%3C3551:OOWWVC%3E2.0.CO;2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Eventually, it has eroded its fuel<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"aOiS8\" class=\"tc-infographic-datawrapper\" src=\"https:\/\/datawrapper.dwcdn.net\/aOiS8\/14\/\" height=\"400px\" width=\"100%\" style=\"border: none\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n\n<p>The surface can stay warm for a while, but once the heat from the subsurface is gone and the trade winds return, the El Ni\u00f1o event collapses. At the end of past El Ni\u00f1o events, the sea surface anomaly dropped very fast and we saw conditions typically switch to La Ni\u00f1a \u2013 El Ni\u00f1o\u2019s cooler opposite.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img  loading=\"lazy\"  decoding=\"async\"  src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABAQMAAAAl21bKAAAAA1BMVEUAAP+KeNJXAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAAApJREFUCNdjYAAAAAIAAeIhvDMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\"  alt=\"The Conversation\"  width=\"1\"  height=\"1\"  style=\"border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important\"  referrerpolicy=\"no-referrer-when-downgrade\"  class=\" pk-lazyload\"  data-pk-sizes=\"auto\"  data-pk-src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/215395\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" ><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https:\/\/theconversation.com\/republishing-guidelines --><\/p>\n\n<p><span><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/aaron-levine-1478447\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Aaron Levine<\/a>, Atmospheric Research Scientist, CICOES, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/university-of-washington-699\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">University of Washington<\/a><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n\n<p>This article is republished from <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/what-is-a-strong-el-nino-meteorologists-anticipate-a-big-impact-in-winter-2023-but-the-forecasts-dont-all-agree-215395\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">original article<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"The El Ni\u00f1o pattern stands out in the warm sea surface temperature anomalies in the Pacific in 2023.&hellip;\n","protected":false},"author":636,"featured_media":10308,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[13],"tags":[120,580,173,474],"class_list":{"0":"post-10334","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-earth","8":"tag-climate-change","9":"tag-el-nino","10":"tag-global-warming","11":"tag-the-conversation","12":"cs-entry","13":"cs-video-wrap"},"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10334","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/636"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10334"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10334\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10335,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10334\/revisions\/10335"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/10308"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10334"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10334"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10334"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}