{"id":10076,"date":"2023-09-18T10:00:00","date_gmt":"2023-09-18T10:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/?p=10076"},"modified":"2023-09-08T15:11:28","modified_gmt":"2023-09-08T15:11:28","slug":"marine-heatwaves-dont-just-hit-coral-reefs-they-can-cause-chaos-on-the-seafloor","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/marine-heatwaves-dont-just-hit-coral-reefs-they-can-cause-chaos-on-the-seafloor\/","title":{"rendered":"Marine heatwaves don\u2019t just hit coral reefs. They can cause chaos on the seafloor"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\n \n
\n \n Shutterstock<\/span><\/span>\n <\/figcaption>\n <\/figure>\n\nAmandine Schaeffer<\/a>, UNSW Sydney<\/a><\/em>; Alex Sen Gupta<\/a>, UNSW Sydney<\/a><\/em>, and Moninya Roughan<\/a>, UNSW Sydney<\/a><\/em><\/span>\n\n

Most of us know what a heatwave feels like on land \u2013\u00a0sweltering heat for days. But oceans get heatwaves too. When water temperature goes over a seasonal threshold for five days or more, that\u2019s a marine heatwave. They do their worst damage in summer, when the ocean is already at its warmest, but they can occur any time of year. <\/p>\n\n

Over 90% of the heat trapped by greenhouse gases has gone into<\/a> our oceans. So it\u2019s no surprise marine heatwaves are getting much more intense and more frequent. This year has been off the charts. From April this year, the world\u2019s average ocean temperature has been<\/a> the highest ever recorded. <\/p>\n\n

Since the 1980s, satellites have revolutionised ocean science by making it possible to take daily measurements of ocean temperatures. But satellites watch from above. They can\u2019t see what\u2019s happening below the surface. <\/p>\n\n

Our new research<\/a> explores what\u2019s happening in deeper waters. It turns out, marine heatwaves aren\u2019t just on the surface. In the most devastating marine heatwaves, heat can penetrate right down to the sea bed. Remarkably, some heatwaves only affect the seafloor. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Why do deep marine heatwaves matter?<\/h2>\n\n

While we usually only see sea creatures at the surface of the ocean, there\u2019s life all the way down. In the shallower seafloors of the continental shelf \u2013 the sunken parts of our continents \u2013 live fish, kelp beds, sponges, cold water corals, shellfish and crustaceans. <\/p>\n\n

These shallow oceans are, on average, less than 100 metres deep. When the shelf ends, there\u2019s usually an abrupt slope into the deep ocean, where there are kilometres of water between surface and seabed. <\/p>\n\n

Marine heatwaves are damaging to life in the seas covering the continental shelf. Creatures here are sensitive to extreme temperatures, just like those at the surface. But \u201cextreme\u201d to them is different to what we think of as extreme. If you\u2019re used to water at 12\u2103, a heatwave of 15\u2103 can be devastating. <\/p>\n\n

When marine heatwaves strike, they can kill. More than a billion sea creatures died during a single heatwave<\/a> off the coast of the western United States and Canada in 2021. This year, extreme heatwaves have hit large parts of the oceans during the northern summer. <\/p>\n\n

Fish and other creatures that can move do so, heading towards the poles or down deeper in search of cooler water. Those that can\u2019t have to endure it or die. Heatwaves can trigger migration. New species arrive, seeking refuge and can alter the ecosystem. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

We don\u2019t know much about deeper marine heatwaves<\/h2>\n\n

The seas covering the continental shelf are relatively shallow compared to the kilometres of water in the deep oceans. But even so, it\u2019s impossible to see what\u2019s going on below using satellites or high-frequency radar<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n

The sea is a hostile environment. Instruments are subject to high pressure, corrosive salt water and marine organisms like oysters and sponges settling on them. This is one reason why we only have very limited data on long-term trends in temperatures under the surface. But these records are vital to calculate typical temperatures for the time of year and to figure out what constitutes an extreme. <\/p>\n\n

Australia is one of the few places generating this kind of valuable data long-term. Off the coast of the southeast lie many oceanographic moorings \u2013 a floating collection of sensors<\/a> anchored to the bottom. One of these has been measuring daily temperatures from the surface to the seafloor 65 metres down since 1993. <\/p>\n\n

\n \"oceanographic<\/a>\n
\n In addition to coastal moorings, this oceanographic instrument also measures temperature and salinity of the ocean.<\/span>\n Amandine Schaeffer<\/span>, CC BY-ND<\/a><\/span>\n <\/figcaption>\n <\/figure>\n\n

Our earlier research found marine heatwaves at depth can actually be more intense<\/a> and last longer<\/a> compared to the surface. But why? <\/p>\n\n

In our new research, we looked at the temperature data closely. We found marine heatwaves come in a variety of types and have different causes. We also found some types of marine heatwave are more likely during particular seasons. <\/p>\n\n

For instance, winter marine heatwaves often run from surface to seafloor. They occur when the powerful, deep and warm East Australian Current snakes westward towards the coast. As the current swings over the continental slope, it drags warm water over the shelf and close to the coast. <\/p>\n\n

In summer, Australia gets two very different types of heatwave in our oceans. The first occur when we get blue-sky weather. With few clouds, more heat from the sun gets into the oceans. They can also occur when there are weaker winds and less ocean cooling from evaporation. These heatwaves are confined to the surface and a few metres below. <\/p>\n\n

Then there\u2019s the second, a very weird heatwave system that only appears close to the seafloor. These are produced when strong wind creates currents driving warm, shallower water down to the bottom. On the east coast, these currents come from cold winds from the south. So even while you\u2019re shivering through cold winds from the Southern Ocean, the ocean seafloor may be sweltering through a heatwave. These may be the most destructive to ecosystems but go all but unnoticed. <\/p>\n\n

\n \"schematic<\/a>\n
\n This figure shows the different types of marine heatwaves affecting coastal waters (shown by the anomalous heat in red)<\/span>\n Author provided<\/span>, CC BY-ND<\/a><\/span>\n <\/figcaption>\n <\/figure>\n\n

Marine heatwaves are not created equally<\/h2>\n\n

Our research has shown marine heatwaves come in different flavours. That matters, because it will allow us to get better at predicting if a heatwave is about to strike our oceans. And it will let us anticipate which parts of the water column are about to be hit, and which ecosystems. <\/p>\n\n

Of course, slowing ocean warming and preventing marine heatwaves from damaging ecosystems means slashing carbon emissions. But while we work on that, this knowledge could give us time to find strategies to reduce the undersea death toll \u2013\u00a0and the damage to tourism and fishing which rely on these ecosystems surviving. \"The<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Amandine Schaeffer<\/a>, Senior lecturer, UNSW Sydney<\/a><\/em>; Alex Sen Gupta<\/a>, Senior Lecturer, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Sydney<\/a><\/em>, and Moninya Roughan<\/a>, Professor in Oceanography, UNSW Sydney<\/a><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n\n

This article is republished from The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Shutterstock Amandine Schaeffer, UNSW Sydney; Alex Sen Gupta, UNSW Sydney, and Moninya Roughan, UNSW Sydney Most of us…\n","protected":false},"author":599,"featured_media":10064,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[13,11],"tags":[120,465,966,173,918,474],"class_list":{"0":"post-10076","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-earth","8":"category-nature","9":"tag-climate-change","10":"tag-coral","11":"tag-coral-reef","12":"tag-global-warming","13":"tag-heatwave","14":"tag-the-conversation","15":"cs-entry","16":"cs-video-wrap"},"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10076","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/599"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10076"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10076\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10077,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10076\/revisions\/10077"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/10064"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10076"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10076"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10076"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}