{"id":10039,"date":"2023-09-13T10:00:00","date_gmt":"2023-09-13T10:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/?p=10039"},"modified":"2023-09-01T07:49:45","modified_gmt":"2023-09-01T07:49:45","slug":"caroline-herschel-was-englands-first-female-professional-astronomer-but-still-lacks-name-recognition-two-centuries-later","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/caroline-herschel-was-englands-first-female-professional-astronomer-but-still-lacks-name-recognition-two-centuries-later\/","title":{"rendered":"Caroline Herschel was England\u2019s first female professional astronomer, but still lacks name recognition two centuries later"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\n \n
\n The Herschel Museum in Bath, England, has a new display of a handwritten draft of Caroline Herschel\u2019s memoirs.\n Internet Archive Book Images via Wikimedia Commons<\/a><\/span>\n <\/figcaption>\n <\/figure>\n\nKris Pardo<\/a>, USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences<\/a><\/em><\/span>\n\n

Caroline Herschel<\/a>, the first English professional female astronomer<\/a>, made contributions to astronomy that are still important to the field today. But even many astronomers may not recognize her name.<\/p>\n\n

Most scientists care about the newest techniques, data and theories in their field, but they often know very little about the history of their discipline. Astronomers, like me,<\/a> are no exception.<\/p>\n\n

It wasn\u2019t until I taught an intro to astronomy class that I learned about Caroline. Now, thanks to a new display of her papers at the Herschel Museum<\/a> in Bath, England, others will get to learn about her too. Her story reflects not only the priorities of astronomy but also how credit is assigned in the field.<\/p>\n\n

Her path to astronomy<\/h2>\n\n

Caroline Herschel, born in 1750, did not have an easy childhood. After a bout with typhus left her scarred at a young age, her family assumed that she would never marry and treated her as an unpaid servant<\/a>. She was forced to complete household chores, despite showing a keen interest in learning from a young age. She eventually escaped her family to follow her older brother William Herschel<\/a>, whom she adored, to Bath.<\/p>\n\n

\n \"An<\/a>\n
\n Caroline Herschel worked with her brother William on many pursuits.<\/span>\n A. Diethe\/Wellcome Images via Wikimedia Commons<\/a>, CC BY-SA<\/a><\/span>\n <\/figcaption>\n <\/figure>\n\n

Caroline was a somewhat unwilling astronomer at first. She didn\u2019t become interested in astronomy until William was already thoroughly engrossed in the subject. Although she spoke somewhat disparagingly<\/a> about how she followed her brother to different interests, including music and astronomy, Caroline eventually acknowledged<\/a> her real interest in studying astronomical bodies.<\/p>\n\n

Astronomers at the time were mainly interested in finding new objects and mapping out the heavens<\/a> with precision. Using telescopes to look for new comets and nebulae was also popular. William Herschel became famous after his discovery of Uranus in 1781<\/a>, though he mistook the planet for a comet at first.<\/p>\n\n

At the beginning of her career, Caroline worked as William\u2019s assistant. She focused mostly on astronomical instrumentation tasks<\/a>, like polishing telescope mirrors. She also helped copy catalogs and took careful notes<\/a> about William\u2019s observations. But then she began to make her own observations.<\/p>\n\n

Searching the skies<\/h2>\n\n

In 1782, Caroline began recording the positions of new objects in her own logbook. It was through this work that she discovered several comets and nebulae<\/a>. On Aug. 1, 1782, she discovered a comet<\/a> \u2013 meaning she was the first to see it in a telescope with her own eyes. This was the first comet discovery attributed to a woman<\/a>. She went on to discover seven more comets<\/a> over the next 11 years.<\/p>\n\n

\n \"A<\/a>\n
\n Caroline Herschel (1750\u22121848) was the first woman to receive a salary as a scientist.<\/span>\n ETH Library via Wikimedia Commons<\/a><\/span>\n <\/figcaption>\n <\/figure>\n\n

At the time of the Herschels\u2019 work, it was the actual observation of an object that warranted public recognition, so Caroline was given credit only for the comets she saw through the telescope herself. For all of her other work, like recording and organizing all the data from William\u2019s observations, she received less credit than William.<\/p>\n\n

For instance, when Caroline took all of William\u2019s observations and compiled them into a catalog, it was published under William\u2019s name<\/a>. Caroline is mentioned only as an \u201cassistant\u201d in the paper.<\/p>\n\n

Nonetheless, in recognition of her discoveries and her work as William\u2019s assistant, King George III of England granted Caroline a salary<\/a>, making her the first professional female astronomer. <\/p>\n\n

Later in life, Caroline reorganized the same catalog in a more efficient way, according to how practicing astronomers interested in looking for comets actually observed the night sky<\/a>. This updated catalog was later used as the basis of the New General Catalogue<\/a>, which astronomers still<\/a> use today<\/a> to organize the stars.<\/p>\n\n

The Herschels also created the first \u2013 though not quite correct \u2013 map of our galaxy, the Milky Way<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n

Who gets the credit in astronomy?<\/h2>\n\n

Recognition for scientific work within the astronomical community is pretty different now than it was in the Herschels\u2019 day. In fact, most of the astronomers who receive credit today are those whose work looks a lot like Caroline\u2019s \u2013 recording and organizing data about astronomical observations. <\/p>\n\n

Astronomers seldom put their eyeballs up to a telescope eyepiece anymore, and many of the most important discoveries are made by telescopes in space<\/a>. But astronomers still need to be able to make sense of all the data from these telescopes. Catalogs like the ones Caroline made are important tools for doing so. <\/p>\n\n

Most people today haven\u2019t heard of Caroline Herschel. Despite having several astronomical objects \u2013 and even a satellite<\/a> \u2013 named after her<\/a>, she doesn\u2019t have the same name recognition as the other astronomers of her time. Some of the lack of recognition is probably because her brother received all the credit for her catalog. Today, astronomers would give them both credit.<\/p>\n\n

\n \"Photograph<\/a>\n
\n The cluster of stars NGC 7789 is unofficially nicknamed \u2018Caroline\u2019s Rose\u2019 in honor of Caroline Herschel.<\/span>\n Anton Vakulenko via Wikimedia Commons<\/a>, CC BY-SA<\/a><\/span>\n <\/figcaption>\n <\/figure>\n\n

Herschel is just one in a long line of female astronomers who did not receive the credit they were due and whose work was used to justify prizes for male scientists instead. These issues aren\u2019t just restricted to 18th-century science, but persist through modern astronomy as well. Jocelyn Bell Burnell<\/a>, who discovered the first radio pulsar, was left off the 1974 Nobel Prize<\/a>, and the award was instead granted to her Ph.D. adviser<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n

Although astronomy has come a long way since the 18th century, astronomers still need to think carefully about how to fairly recognize the people who participate in scientific discoveries. Acknowledging the contributions of astronomers like Caroline Herschel is a small step toward giving credit where credit is due.<\/p>\n\n

This article has been updated to acknowledge other women astronomers who preceded Herschel.<\/em>\"The<\/p>\n\n

Kris Pardo<\/a>, Assistant Professor of Physics and Astronomy, USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences<\/a><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n\n

This article is republished from The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"The Herschel Museum in Bath, England, has a new display of a handwritten draft of Caroline Herschel\u2019s memoirs.…\n","protected":false},"author":596,"featured_media":10016,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[18,14],"tags":[73,979,614,474],"class_list":{"0":"post-10039","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-history","8":"category-space","9":"tag-astronomy","10":"tag-caroline-herschel","11":"tag-science-history","12":"tag-the-conversation","13":"cs-entry","14":"cs-video-wrap"},"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10039","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/596"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10039"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10039\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10040,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10039\/revisions\/10040"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/10016"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10039"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10039"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/modernsciences.org\/staging\/4414\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10039"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}